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1、各论五重组多肽、蛋白质类激素药物激素(hormone)由腺体合成和释放,通过循环系统,作用于靶细胞周倜的微量化学信号分子。特点:内分泌信号调节系统,作用远距离靶细胞。包括两类:含氮激素和甾体激素。含氮激素:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长素、促性腺激素等。受体类型:胰腺B细胞(70%)A细胞(20%)D细胞(10%)重组胰岛素胰岛素(insulin)胰岛素是含有51个氨基酸的小分子蛋白质,分子量为6000,胰岛素分子有靠两个二硫键结合的A链(21个氨基酸)与B链(30个氨基酸),如果二硫键被打开则失去活性。B细胞先合成一个大分子的前胰岛素原(
2、109个氨基酸),以后加工(-23个氨基酸)成八十六肽的胰岛素原,在细胞内的高尔基体中胰岛素原经水解(-2氨基酸)成为胰岛素(21+30)与连接肽(C肽33个氨基酸)。胰岛素与C肽共同释入血中,也有少量的胰岛素原进入血液,但其生物活性只有胰岛素的3%-5%,而C肽无胰岛素活性。由于C肽是在胰岛素合成过程产生的,其数量与胰岛素的分泌量有平行关系,因此测定血中C肽含量可反映B细胞的分泌功能。BetacellsintheisletsofLangerhansreleaseinsulinintwophases.Thefirstphaserele
3、aseisrapidlytriggeredinresponsetoincreasedbloodglucoselevels.Thesecondphaseisasustained,slowreleaseofnewlyformedvesiclestriggeredindependentlyofsugar.Thedescriptionoffirstphasereleaseisasfollows:Glucoseenterstheβ-cellsthroughtheglucosetransporter,GLUT2.Glucosegoesintogl
4、ycolysisandtherespiratorycycle,wheremultiple,high-energyATPmoleculesareproducedbyoxidation,leadingtoariseintheATP:ADPratiowithinthecell.AnincreasedintracellularATP:ADPratioclosestheATP-sensitiveSUR1/Kir6.2potassiumchannel(seesulfonylureareceptor).Thispreventspotassiumio
5、ns(K+)fromleavingthecellbyfacilitateddiffusion,leadingtoabuildupofpotassiumions.Asaresult,theinsideofthecellbecomesmorepositivewithrespecttotheoutside,leadingtothedepolarisationofthecellsurfacemembrane.Ondepolarisation,voltage-gatedcalciumion(Ca2+)channelsopenwhichallow
6、scalciumionstomoveintothecellsbyfacilitateddiffusion.AnincreasedintracellularcalciumionconcentrationcausestheactivationofphospholipaseC,whichcleavesthemembranephospholipidphosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphateintoinositol1,4,5-trisphosphateanddiacylglycerol.Inositol1,4,5-
7、trisphosphate(IP3)bindstoreceptorproteinsintheplasmamembraneoftheendoplasmicreticulum(ER).ThisallowsthereleaseofCa2+ionsfromtheERviaIP3-gatedchannels,andfurtherraisestheintracellularconcentrationofcalciumions.Significantlyincreasedamountsofcalciumionsinthecellscausesthe
8、releaseofpreviouslysynthesizedinsulin,whichhasbeenstoredinsecretoryvesicles.Theinsulinreceptor(IR)isatransmemb