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1、GrammarLevel3:PhrasesAphraseislikeaflyingformationofbirds;itissomethingmadeupofsomethings.Itisapartofspeechmadeofsomewords.Aphraseisnotacompleteidea,becauseitisagroupofwordswhichcontainsnosubject/predicatesetandwhichonlyactsasasinglepartofspeech.Inotherwords,aphraseisanelaboration.PhrasesandClaus
2、esDifferencebetweenaphraseandaclause:Bothphrasesandclausesaregroupsofwords,butaclausecontainsbothasubjectandapredicate,andaphrasedoesnot.Example:Ijumped(clause)intheboat(phrase)AppositivePhraseAnappositiveisaninterruptingdefinition.Itiscalledanappositivebecauseitisput(pos)beside(ap)whatitdefines.
3、Anappositivemaybeonlyonewordoritmayconsistofanentirephrase.Appositivesareenclosedbycommas,unlesstheyareexceptionallyshortandclearbythemselves.AppositivePhraseExample:Mort,thehoarypedagogue,istall.MyfriendBobistall.Wealwaysencloseappositivestatesandappositiveyearsincommas:Marion,NorthCarolina,isat
4、thefootofthemountains.June20,1997,isthedateoftheliftoff.PrepositionalPhraseAprepositionalphrasebeginswithaprepositionandconcludeswiththeobjectofapreposition.Theprepositionrelatesitsobjecttoanotherwordinthesentence.Example:thedogintheboatTheprepositioninshowsaspatialrelationshipbetweentheitsobject
5、(boat)andthenoundog.PrepositionalPhrasePrepositionalphrasesbehaveasmodifiers.Theyactlikebigadjectivesandbigadverbs.Example:Thedogintheboatbarked.Heretheprepositionalphraseintheboatactsasabigadjectivetomodifythenoundog.PrepositionalPhrasetheobjectofthepreposition:Theobjectofaprepositionmusteitherb
6、eanounoranobjectpronoun(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them).Example:Thisisapresentforyouandme.(Correct)ThisisapresentforyouandI.(Incorrect)Thisletterisforhimandme.SheandIwentwithyouandhim.Iaskedaquestionaboutherandus.PrepositionalPhraseadjectiveprepositionalphrases:Prepositionalphraseswhichmodifynouns
7、orpronounsshouldbeplacedimmediatelyafterthenounorpronountheymodify.Ifyoudon’tdothis:theadjectiveprepositionalphrasewillappeartomodifytheverb.Thinkthroughthelogicofthefollowingsentence:Onthebeach,thedogbarkedatthedogint