语言学教材练习参考答案-

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1、句法学I．Definethefollowingterms．答案：略II．Completethefollowingsentences.1.Saussure2.simple3.Exocentric4.hierarchical5.deepIII．MultipleChoice．1.A2.B3.D4.B5.C6.B7.A8.D9.C10.AIV．Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly．1.Thetreediagramcannotonlyrevealalinearorder， butalsoahierarchicalstructur

2、ethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituents.Itcan， inaddition， showthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent，thusitisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.2.morebeautifulflowersmorebeautifulflowersAdj.Adj.NAdv.Adj.NNPAPNPNP3.Fr

3、omthesyntactictheory，thissentencecouldbeanalyzedasfollows：Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously.Adj.Adj.NVAdv.VPNPTherefore，theabstractstructurecouldbe：S→adj．+n．+v．+adv．Fromthisstructurewemaygeneratesentenceslike：Theoldcouplewalkedslowly．Ofcourse，manyotherutterancesmaybegeneratedwi

4、thsimilarsentencepatterns．That’stosay，inaspectofsyntacticalanalysis，thissentenceiswellformed．However,asforitssemanticsense，it’snotapplicable．Forexample，“idea”isanabstractnoun．whichisinanimateandexpressesnophysicalobject;buttheverb“sleep”isaverbthatonlyhumanbeingsoranimalsthatar

5、eanimatecanperform，and“furiously”isonlyusedtorefertoanimatebeingsthathavethesensations．likeanger，passionoranxiety．Besides，"colorless”isapropertyonlyofphysicalobjects．SOitcouldnotgowithanabstractconceptlike“idea”．Anotherthingoddinthispartisthatthetwoadjectives“colorless’’and“gre

6、en”arecontradictory．Ifwesaysomething“colorless”．itindicatesitdoesn’texpressanycolor．Ontheotherhand，ifsomethingisgreen，thatmeansitiscoloredanditisinacertaintypeofcolor，therefore，itcan’tbe“colorless”．Therefore，thissentence“Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously”issemanticallyodd．I．Que

7、stionforconsideration.Chomsky’sTGGrammarhasseenfivestagesofdevelopment．Theclassicaltheoryaimstomakelinguisticsascience．Thestandardtheorydealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguistictheory．Theextendedstandardtheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar．Ther

8、evisedextendedstandardtheoryfocusesdiscussionongovernm