现代语言学串讲资料

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1、第一章  绪论1/Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学的研究并不是针对某一特定的语言，而是针对所有语言而言的。2/Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的研究范畴Thestudyoflanguageas

2、awholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics. 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.对语言交际中声音的研究称为语音学。Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.对交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方

3、式的研究称为音系学。Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.对语素如何排列组合成单词的研究称为形态学。Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.对语词形成句子的规则的研究称为句法学。Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.对语言意义的研究称为语

4、义学。Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.在语言使用的环境中对语言的意义进行的研究称为语用学。Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.对语言关于社会方面的研究称为社会语言学。Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.对语言和心理的相互关系的

5、研究称为心理语言学。Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeigna

6、ndsecondlanguage.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）andcomputationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念 Prescriptiveanddescri

7、ptive规定与描写Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Tra

8、ditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicst