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1、INSIGHTREVIEWNATURE
2、Vol448
3、19July2007
4、doi:10.1038/nature06080Thequestforthequark–gluonplasma12PeterBraun-Munzinger&JohannaStachelHigh-energycollisionsbetweenheavynucleihaveinthepast20yearsprovidedmultipleindicationsofadeconfinedphaseofmatterthatexistsatph
5、enomenallyhightemperaturesandpressures.This‘quark–gluonplasma’isthoughttohavepermeatedthefirstmicrosecondsoftheUniverse.ExperimentsattheLargeHadronCollidershouldconsolidatetheevidenceforthisexoticmedium’sexistence,andallowitspropertiestobecharacterized.Sh
6、ortlyaftertheideaofasymptoticfreedom—thattheinteractionmostaccuratewaytocalculatethetransitiontemperature.betweenquarks,whichisstrongatlargeseparations,weakensastheExtendinglatticequantumchromodynamicsintotheregimeofquarksgetclosertooneanother—wasintroduc
7、edbyDavidGrossandnon-zeronetbaryondensityhasmetwithgreattechnicaldifficulties.1,23,48–10FrankWilczekandDavidPolitzer,twogroupsrealizedindepend-Resultshavebecomeavailableindicatingthatthetransitiontempera-entlythatithasafascinatingconsequence.Whentemperatu
8、resorden-turedropsmoderatelywithincreasingdensity.Goingathirdofthewaysitiesbecomeveryhigh,stronglyinteractingquarksandgluonsbecomefromzeronetdensitytothedensityofatomicnuclei,itdropsby2–3%freeandtransformthemselvesintoanew,deconfinedphaseofmatter,—notvery
9、much.Thecriticalenergydensityforthephasetransitionis–3forwhichtheterm‘quark–gluonplasma’wascoined.Weourselveslive0.7±0.2GeVfm(ref.6).Thisenergydensityisaboutfivetimesthatatlowdensitiesandtemperatures,inthenormalworldofhadronicofnuclearmatter.matter,whereq
10、uarksandgluonsareconfinedtothesizeofhadrons.Butatitsorigin,theUniversewasafireballofmuchhigherdensityandTowardsthenuclearfireballtemperature.Attimesfromtheelectroweakphasetransition—someSincetheearly1980s,collisionsofheavyatomicnucleiataslargeener-10picos
11、econdsaftertheBigBang,andlastingfor10microseconds—itgiesaspossiblehavebeenseenastheidealwaytoprobetheseharshisthoughttohavetakentheformofaquark–gluonplasma.Here,weconditionsofextremelyhightemperatureanddensity.Tobea
