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1、Xenophon1XenophonXenophon(/ˈzɛnəfən/;Greek:Ξενοφῶν,Xenophōn,Greekpronunciation: [ksenopʰɔ̂ːn];c.430–354BC),sonofGryllus,ofthedemeErchiaofAthens,alsoknownasXenophonofAthens,wasaGreekhistorian,soldier,mercenary,andstudentofSocrates.Whilenotreferredtoasaphilosopherbyhiscontemporaries,hissta
2、tusassuchisrecentlyapopulartopicofdebate.Heisknownforwritingaboutthehistoryofhisowntimes,thelate5thandearly4thcenturiesBC,especiallyforhisaccountofthefinalyearsofthePeloponnesianWar.HisHellenica,whichrecountsthesetimes,isconsideredtobethecontinuationofThucydides’ThePeloponnesianWar.Hisyo
3、uthfulparticipationinthefailedcampaignofCyrustheYoungertoclaimthePersianthroneinspiredhimtowriteaboutthePersianempireanditshistory.Despitehisbirth-associationwithAthens,XenophonaffiliatedhimselfwithSpartaformostofhislife.Hispro-oligarchicviews,serviceunderSpartangeneralsinthePersiancampa
4、ignandbeyond,aswellashisfriendshipwithKingAgesilausIIendearedXenophontotheSpartans,andthemtohim.Anumberofhiswritingsdisplayhispro-Spartanbiasandadmiration,especiallyXenophon,GreekhistorianAgesilausandConstitutionofSparta.OtherthanPlato,XenophonistheforemostauthorityonSocrates,havinglearn
5、edunderthegreatphilosopherwhileayoungman.Hegreatlyadmiredhisteacher,andwellafterSocrates’deathin399XenophonwroteseveralSocraticdialogues,includinganApologyconcerningtheeventsofhistrialanddeath.Xenophon’sworkscoverawiderangeofgenresandarewritteninveryuncomplicatedAtticGreek.Xenophon’swork
6、sareamongthefirstthatmanystudentsofAncientGreektranslateonaccountofthestraightforwardandsuccinctnatureofhisprose.Thissentimentwasapparenteveninancienttimes,asDiogenesLaertiusstatesinhisLivesofEminentPhilosophers(2.6)thatXenophonwassometimesknownasthe"AtticMuse"forthesweetnessofhisdiction
7、.LifeEarlyyearsLittleisknownaboutXenophonotherthanwhathewroteabouthimself.Xenophonwasbornaround430BCnearthecityofAthenstoanaristocraticfamily.Theyearsofhisyoutharenotwellattestedbefore401BC.ItwasinthisyearthatXenophonwasconvincedbyhisBoeotianfriendProxenus(Anabasis3.1.9)t
