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2010考研英语（一）模拟试卷二SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2.YetNoga,acompanyownedbyNessimGaon,a78-year-oldbusinessman3inGeneva,hasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993,attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon'srequest,bailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia'smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthorities,andtheplanesflewhome,just8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingship,theSedov,nuclear-wasteshipments,andthepresident'splane.Mr.Gaon,whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudan,putan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11,sofar,tothe12of$110million,outofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach.Theoddthingis17Russia,nowawashwithcash,doesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia'sembassyinParis.1.A.outdoesB.outperformC.outshineD.outweighs2.A.thinB.slimC.leanD.wiry3.A.basedB.foundC.establishedD.set4.A.graspB.holdC.seizeD.snatch5.A.caughtB.gotC.grabbedD.arrested6.A.showB.exhibitionC.displayD.demonstrationA.stiltedB.tippedC.dumpedD.slanted 7.8.A.inB.onC.atD.upon9.A.OthersB.AnotherC.TheotherD.Other10.A.usualB.unusualC.commonD.uncommon11.A.supportB.goodC.favorD.preference12.A.tuneB.figureC.accountD.count13.A.demandedB.requestedC.requiredD.claimed14.A.inB.atC.aroundD.over15.A.crackB.breakC.splitD.snap16.A.inB.withinC.outofD.beyond17.A.howB.whenC.whyD.where18.A.kickbackB.paymentC.cutD.reward19.A.AvoidingB.FendingC.EscapingD.Shielding20.A.inB.onC.atD.to。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Theconsequencesofheavydrinkingarewelldocumented:failinghealth,brokenmarriages,regrettablelate-nightphonecalls.ButaccordingtoGregoryLuzaich'scalculations,therecanbeadownsidetomodestdrinking,too—thoughonethatdamagesthewallet,nottheliver. ThePekWineStewardpreventswinefromspoilingbyinjectingargon,aninertgas,intothebottlebeforesealingitairtightwithsilicon.Mr.Luzaich,amechanicalengineerinWindsor,Calif.—intheSonomaCountywinecountry—firsttalliedthecostsofhis reasonableconsumptioninOctober2001.“I'dliketocomehomeintheeveningandhaveaglassofwinewithdinner,”hesaid.“Mywifedoesn'tdrinkverymuch,sothebottlewouldn'tgetconsumed.AndmaybeIwouldforgetaboutitthenextday,andI'dcheckbackadayortwolater,andthewinewouldbespoiled.”Thatmeanthewaswastingmostofa$15to$20bottleofwine,dozensoftimesayear. Acheckofthewine-preservationgadgetsonthemarketleftMr.Luzaichdissatisfied.High-endwinecabinetscostthousandsofdollars—ahugeinvestmentforaglass-a-daydrinker.Affordablepreservers,meanwhile,didn'tquiteperformtoMr.Luzaich'sliking；hethoughttheyallowedtoomuchoxidation,whichdegradesthetasteofawine. Thesolution,hedecided,wasabettergas.Manypreserverspumpednitrogenintoanopenedbottletoslowawine'sdecline,eventhoughoenologicalliteraturesuggestedthatargonwasmoreeffective.SowhenhebegandesigningthePekWineSteward,ametalconeintowhichawinebottleisinserted,Mr.Luzaichfoundthathismainchallengewastofigureouthowbesttointroducetheargon. Hespentmonthsfine-tuningagasinjectionsystem.“Weusedcomputationalfluiddynamicstomodelthegasflow,”Mr.Luzaichsaid,referringtoacomputer-analysistechniquethatmeasureshowsmoothlyparticlesareflowing.Thegoalwastocreateaninjectorthatcouldswapabottle'soxygenatomsforargonatoms；argonisaninertgas,andthusunlikelytoharmaniceChianti. Mr.Luzaich,whohadpreviouslydesignedmedicalandtelecommunicationsproducts,alsoworkedoncreatinganairtightseal,tosecurethebottleaftertheargonwasinjected.Heexperimentedwithseveralsubstances,fromneoprenetoavisco-elasticpolymer（whichhedismissedas“toogooey”）,beforesettlingonafood-gradesilicon. Tosavewine,abottleisplacedinsidethePekWineSteward,thetopisclosed,andatriggerispulledfor5to10seconds,dependingonhowmuchwineremains.Whenthetriggerisreleased,thebottleissealedautomatically,preservingthewineforaweekormore,thecompanysays.“Wewantedtomakeitveryeasyfortheconsumer,”Mr.Luzaichsaid.“It'sbasicallymindless.” Thedevice,whichresemblesahigh-techthermos,firstbecameavailabletoconsumersinMarch2004,and8,000to10,000havebeensold,primarilythroughcatalogslikethoseofTheWineEnthusiastandHammacherSchlemmer.Thebasemodelsellsfor$99；adeluxemodel,whichalsoincludesathermoelectriccooler,is$199. 21．AccordingtoGregoryLuzaich,thedisadvantageofmodestdrinkingis______. A．damagingtheliver B．costingmuch C．breakingmarriages D．spoilingthewine 22．Theword“tallied”（Line3,Para.2）probablymeans______. A．calculated B．correspondedto C．listed D．gave 23．Accordingtothetext,the“PekWineSteward”is______. A．ametalcone B．athermoelectriccooler C．agasinjector D．awinepreserver 24．Mr.Luzaichcreatedthesealtopreventthewinefromdecliningwith______. A．neoprene B．visco-elasticpolymer C．silicon D．argon 25．Mr.Luzaich'sattitudetotheautomaticsealingis______. A．opposition B．suspicion C．approval D．indifferenceText2InDonJuanLordByronwrote,"Sweetisrevenge—especiallytowomen."ButastudyreleasedonWednesday,supportedbymagneticresonanceimaging,suggeststhatmenmaybethemorenaturalavengers.Inthestudy,whenmalesubjectswitnessedpeopletheyperceivedasbadguysbeingstrokebyamildelectricalshock,theirM.R.I.scanslitupinprimitivebrainareasassociatedwithreward.Theirbrains'empathycentersremaineddull.Womenwatchingthepunishment,incontrast,showednoresponseincentersassociatedwithpleasure.Eventhoughtheyalsosaidtheydidnotlikethebadguys,theirempathycentersstillquietlygloved.Thestudyseemstoshowforthefirsttimeinphysicaltermswhatmanypeopleprobablyassumetheyalreadyknow:thatwomenaregenerallymoreempatheticthanmen,andthatmen,andthatmentakegreatpleasureinseeingrevengeexacted.Men"expressedmoredesireforrevengeandseemedtofeelsatisfactionwhenunfairpeopleweregivenwhattheyperceivedasdeservedphysicalpunishment,"saidDr.TaniaSinger,theleadresearcher,oftheWellcomeDepartmentofImagingNeuroscienceatUniversityCollegeLondon.Butfarfromcondemningthemaleimpulseforretribution,Dr.Singersaidithadanimportantsocialfunction:"Thistypeofbehaviorhasprobablybeencrucialintheevolutionofsocietyasthemajorityofpeopleinagrouparemotivatedtopunishthosewhocheatontherest."Thestudyispartofagrowingbodyofresearchthatisattemptingtobetterunderstandbehaviorandemotionsbyobservingsimultaneousphysiologicalchangesinthebrain,atechniquenowattainablethroughimaging."Imagingisstillinitsearlydaysbutwearetransitioningfromadescriptivetoamoremechanistictypeofstudy,"saidDr.KlaasEnnoStephan,aco-authorofthepaper.Dr.Singer'steamwassimplytryingtoseeifthestudysubjects'degreeofempathycorrelatedwithhowmuchtheylikedordislikedthepersonbeingpunished.Theyhadnotsetouttolookintosexdifferences.Tocultivatepersonallikesanddislikesintheir32volunteers,theyaskedthemtoplayacomplexmoneystrategygame,wherebothmembersofapairwouldprofitifbothbehavedcooperatively.Theranksofvolunteerswereinfiltratedby actorstoldtoplayselfishly.Volunteerscamequicklyto"verymuchlike"thepartnerswhowerecooperative,whiledislikingthosewhohidedrewards,Dr.Stephansaid.Effectivelyconditionedtolikeanddisliketheirgame-playingpartners,the32subjectswereplacedinscannersandaskedtowatchthevariouspartnersreceiveelectricalshocks.Onscans,bothmenandwomenseemedtofeelthepainofpartnerstheyliked.Buttherealsurprisecameduringscanswhenthesubjectsviewedthepartnerstheydislikedbeingshocked."Whenwomensawtheshock,theystillhadanempatheticresponse,eventhoughitwasreduced,"Dr.Stephansaid."Themenhadnoneatall."Furthermore,researchersfoundthatthebrain'spleasurecenterslitupinmaleswhenjustpunishmentwasmetedout.Theresearcherscautionedthatitwasnotclearifmenandwomenarebornwithdivergentresponsestorevengeoriftheirsocialexperiencesgeneratetheresponses.Dr.Singersaidlargerstudieswereneededtoseeifdifferingresponseswouldbeseenincasesinvolvingrevengethatdidnotinvolvepain.Still,sheadded,"Thisinvestigationwouldseemtoindicatethereisapredominantroleformeninmaintainingjusticeandissuingpunishment."26.LordByron'swordsmean.A.WomenarecruelerthanmenB.RevengeonwomenissweeterC.WomenfeelsweeterwithrevengethanmenD.Womenlovetorevenge27.Accordingtothetext,Dr.Singer'sattitudetomalerevengeimpulseis.A.sympatheticB.detachedC.positiveD.negative28.Accordingtothetext,thestudyisoriginallyaimed.A.toshowsexdifferencesonrevengeB.tobetterunderstandhuman'sbehaviorandemotionsC.tocultivatepersonallikesanddislikesD.toseeifthedegreeofempathyisconnectedwithpersonallikesanddislikes29.Theword"infiltrated"(Line5,Para.5)probablymeans.A.actedB.mixedC.taughtD.filtrated30.Dr.Singerthinksmenaremoresuitabletomaintainjusticeandissuepunishmentthanwomenbecause.A.men'sbrain'sempathycentersremaineddullwhenpunishmentwasexecutedB.women'spleasurecenterswerelitupwithpunishmentimplementedC.menhavenoresponsewhenseeingpunishmentexecutedD.menhaddifferentexperiencesfromwomenText3 Thefirstbig-namehackersincludeSteveWozniak,BillGatesandLinusTorvalds,allnowhighlyrecognizablenamesbehindmanyofthecomputertechnologiesusedtoday.Theseearlyhackershadaloveoftechnologyandacompellingneedtoknowhowitallworked,andtheirgoalwastopushprogramsbeyondwhattheyweredesignedtodo.Backthen,theword"hacker"didn'thavethenegativeconnotationithastoday.Theoriginalhackerethic,rootedoutofsimplecuriosityandaneedtobechallenged,appearstobedead.Theobjectivesofearlyhackersareafarcryfromthegoalsoftoday'shacker.Themotivationofthenewbreedofhackersappearsnottobecuriosity,orahungerforknowledge,asitusedtobe.Instead,mostoftoday'shackersaredrivenbygreed,power,revenge,orsomeothermaliciousintent,treatinghackingasagameorsport,employingthetoolsthatarereadilyavailableviatheInternet.TherateofsecurityattacksisactuallyoutpacingthegrowthoftheInternet.ThismeansthatsomethingbesidesthegrowthoftheInternetisdrivingtheriseinsecurityattacks.Herearesomerealitiesyoushouldknowabout:Operatingsystemsandapplicationswillneverbesecure.Newvulnerabilitieswillbeintroducedintoyourenvironmenteveryday.Andevenifyoueverdogetoneoperatingsystemsecure,therewillbenewoperatingsystemswithnewvulnerabilities—phones,wirelessdevices,andnetworkappliances.Employeeswillneverkeepupwithsecuritypolicesandawareness.Itdoesn'tmatterhowmuchyoutrainandeducateyouremployees.Ifyouremployeesdisregardwarningsaboutthehazardsofopeningquestionableemailattachments,howareyougoingtoeducatethemaboutproperlyconfiguringfirewallsandintrusiondetectionsystemsfortheirPCs?Managershavemoreresponsibilitythanever.Andontopoftherealitieslistedabove.securitymanagersarebeingaskedtosupportincreasingdegreesofnetworkavailabilityandaccess.Therearesomegoodsecuritymeasuresyoucantake:Employalayer7,full-inspectionfirewall.Automaticallyupdateyouranti-virusatthegateway,serverandclient.Keepallofyoursystemsandapplicationsupdated.HackerscommonlybreakintoaWebsitethroughknownsecurityholes,somakesureyourserversandapplicationsarepatchedanduptodate.Turnoffunnecessarynetworkservices.Eliminateallunneededprograms.Scannetworkforcommonbackdoorservices—Useintrusiondetectionsystems,vulnerabilityscans,antivirusprotection.31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsofSteveWozniak,BillGatesandLinusTorvaldsisTRUE?[A]Theyareallgoodexamplesoftoday'scomputerusers.[B]Theyaredrivenbygreed,power,revenge,orsomeothermaliciousintent.[C]Theirgoalistopushprogramsbeyondwhattheyaredesignedtodo.[D]Theyarealldead.32.Theunderlinedword"hacker"(Para.1)mostprobablymeans"________".[A]highlyrecognizablenamesbehindmanyofthecomputertechnologiesusedtoday[B]thenegativeconnotationofthosecomputerusers[C]agame,employingthetoolsthatarereadilyavailableviatheInternet[D]peoplewhobreakintocomputersystems33.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofsecurityattacks? [A]Employeeswillkeepupwithsecuritypolicesandawarenessiftheyarehighly-trained.[B]TherateofsecurityattacksappearsfasterthanthegrowthoftheInternet.[C]One'scomputersystemwillneverbesecure.[D]Vulnerabilitiescangothroughphones,wirelessdevices,andnetworkappliances.34.Whatisthemostimportantoneamongtherealitieslisted?[A]Newvulnerabilitieswillbeintroducedintoyourenvironmenteveryday.[B]Ifemployeesdisregardwarningsaboutthehazardsofopeningquestionableemailattachments,themanagershouldeducatethemaboutproperlyconfiguringfirewallsandintrusiondetectionsystemsfortheirPCs.[C]Managershavemoreresponsibilitythanever.[D]Securitymanagersareaskedtosupportincreasingdegreesofnetworkavailabilityandaccess.35.VarioussecuritymeasuresarerecommendedEXCEPT________.[A]turningoffnetworkservices[B]employingafull-inspectionfirewall[C]makingsurethatserversandapplicationsarepatched[D]eliminatingallunneededprogramsText4AwritersaidyesterdaythatRichardM.Scrushy,theformerchiefexecutiveofHealthSouth,paidherthroughapublicrelationsfirmtoproduceseveralfavorablearticlesforanAlabamanewspaperthathereviewedbeforepublicationduringhisfraudtriallastyear.ThearticlesappearedinTheBirminghamTimes,ablack-ownedweeklyinBirmingham,Ala.Mr.ScrushywasacquittedinJuneinasix-monthtrialthereonall36countsagainsthim,despitetestimonyfromformerHealthSouthexecutiveswhosaidhepresidedoverahugeaccountingfraud."Isatinthatcourtroomforsixmonths,andIdideverythingpossibletoadvocateforhiscause,"AudreyLewis,theauthorofthearticles,saidinatelephoneinterview.Shesaidshereceived$10,000fromMr.ScrushythroughtheLewisGroup,apublicrelationsfirm,andanother$1,000tohelpbuyacomputer."ScrushypromisedmealotmorethanwhatIgot,"shesaid.CharlesA.Russell,aspokesmanforMr.Scrushy,saidhewasnotawareofanexplicitagreementfortheLewisGrouptopayMs.Lewis.ThepaymentstoMs.LewiswerefirstreportedbyTheAssociatedPressyesterday."There'snothingthereIthinkRichardwouldhaveanypartof,"Mr.Russellsaid.Mr.RussellsaidthatMr.Scrushyreviewedthearticlesbeforetheywerepublished."Richardthoughtshewasdoingalittle,'F.Y.I.,here'swhatI'mwriting,'"Mr.Russellsaid.Ms.LewissaidthatMr.Russell,aprominentDenver-basedcrisiscommunicationsconsultant,wasalsoinvolvedinprovidingherwithfinancialcompensation.ShesaidMr.Russellwrotehera$2,500personalcheckattheendofMay2005;Mr.Russellsaidthatwastrue."Shewaslookingforfreelancecommunity-relationsworkafterthetrial,"Mr.Russellsaid.Ms.LewiscameintoMr.Scrushy'sspherethroughBelieversTempleChurch;sheattendsservicesandworksasanadministratorthere.SheandRev.HermanHenderson,the pastor,werepartofagroupthatappearedincourtwithMr.Scrushyandoftenprayedwithhimduringbreaks.Beforeandduringthetrial,inwhich11ofthe18jurorswereblack,Mr.Scrushy,whoiswhite,forgedtieswithBirmingham'sAfrican-Americanpopulation.Hejoinedapredominantlyblackchurch,andhisfoundationdonatedtoitandotherblackcongregations.Mr.HendersonalsosaidhereceivedpaymentsfromMr.Scrushyinexchangeforbuildingsupportforhimamongblacks.Mr.ScrushysaidinastatementyesterdaythathisfoundationdonatedmoneytoMr.Henderson'schurch,butsaidthepaymentswereunrelatedtohiscase."MyfoundationdonatedtohischurchbuildingfundandtoaKatrinareliefeffortthathischurchsponsored,"Mr.Scrushysaid."That'sit.Period."Ms.Lewis,31,saidshewasdisclosingdetailsaboutthefinancialarrangementbecauseMr.ScrushystillowesherandMr.Hendersonasignificantamountofmoney.Ms.LewisprovidedcopiesofaretaineragreementthatMr.ScrushysignedlastAprilwiththeLewisGroup,apublicrelationsfirmcontrolledbyJesseJ.LewisSr.,82thefounderofTheBirminghamTimes,andacheckissuedtoherinMayfromtheLewisGroup.(MsLewisandMr.Lewisarenotrelated.)36.Theword"acquitted"(Line2,Para.2)probablymeans________.A.dischargedB.arrestedC.quittedD.punished37.Mr.RussellsaidRichardhadnothingtodowiththeagreementmentionedbecause________.A.Richarddidn'twanttopaymoneyheowedMs.LewisB.thismayaffectthetrialC.thismayruinRichard'sreputationD.heknewthatwasthefact38.Mr.Scrushymadedonationstotheblackgroupsprobablybecause________.A.hehadcloserelationswithBirmingham'sAfrican-AmericanpopulationB.hewantedthechurchtosetupmorebuildingsC.hewasverybenevolentD.hewantedtogetsupportfromtheblacksinhistrial39.Thelastparagraphimpliesthat________.A.Mr.ScrushytoldalieB.Ms.LewiswillgetthemoneyMr.ScrushyowesherC.theLewisGroupmaybeago-betweenD.Mr.Scrushywillbeinvolvedinthetrialagain40.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor________.A.issupportiveofMr.ScrushyB.favorsMs.Lewis'ssideC.takesadetachedattitudeD.issympatheticPartB Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintothenumberedblankwhentherearetowextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Atpicnics,antsarepests.Buttheyhavetheiruses.Inindustriessuchasmining,farmingandforestry,theycanhelpgaugethehealthoftheenvironmentbyjustcrawlingaroundandbeingantsy.Ithasbeenrecognizedfordecadesthatants—whicharehighlysensitivetoecologicalchange—canprovideanear-percentbarometerofthestateofanecosystem.Onlycertainspecies,forinstance,willcontinuetothriveataforestsitethathasbeenclearedoftrees.(41)Andstillotherswillmoveinandtakeupresidence.Bylookingatwhichspeciespopulateadeforestedarea,scientistscandeterminehow"stressed"thelandis.(42)Antsareusedsimplybecausetheyaresocommonandcomprisesomanyspecies.Whereminesitesarebeingrestored,forexample,someantspecieswillrecolonizethestrippedlandmorequicklythanothers.(43)AustralianminingcompanyCapricornCoalManagementhasbeensuccessfullyusingantsurveysforyearstodeterminetherateofrecoveryoflandthatitisreplantingnearitsGermanCreekmineinQueensland.Antsurveysalsohavebeenusedwithmine-siterecoveryprojectsinAfricaandBrazil,wherewarmclimatesencouragedenseanddiverseantpopulations."Wefounditworkedextremelywellthere,"saysJonathanMajer,aprofessorofenvironmentalbiology.YetthesurveysareperfectlysuitedtoclimatesthroughoutAsia,hesays,becauseantsaresocommonthroughouttheregion.AsMajerputsit:"That'sthegreatthingaboutants."Antsurveysaresohighly-regardedasecologicalindicatorsthatgovernmentsworldwideaccepttheirresultswhenassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofminingandtreeharvesting.(44)Whynot?Becausemanycompaniescan'taffordtheexpenseorthelaboratorytimeneededtosiftresultsforacomprehensivesurvey.Thecoststems,also,fromthescarcityofantspecialists.(45)[A]Thisallowedscientiststogaugethepaceandprogressoftheecologicalrecovery.[B]Yetinotherbusinesses,suchasfarmingandpropertydevelopment,antsurveysaren'tusedwidely.[C]Employingthosepeopleareexpensive.[D]Theydothisbysortingtheants,countingtheirnumbersandcomparingtheresultswiththoseofearliersurveys.[E]Theevolutionofantspeciesmayhaveastrongimpactonourecosystem.[F]Otherswilldieoutforlackoffood.[G]Gretaceousantssharedacoupleofwasp-liketraitstogetherwithmodernant-likecharacteristics.PartC Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)(46)WhilemuchoftheattentiononfightingAIDSandotherdiseasesinpoorcountrieshasfocusedonaccesstoaffordabledrugs,concernisnowshiftingtothequestionofwho,exactly,willdeliverthem.Unfortunately,thereisasevereshortageofdoctors,nursesandotherhealth-careworkersinthesecountries.Accordingtoareportpublishedinthisweek'sLancetbytheJointLearningInitiative(JLI),aninternationalconsortiumofacademiccentresanddevelopmentagencies,sub-SaharanAfricahasonlyone-tenththenumberofnursesanddoctorsperheadofpopulationthatEuropedoes,thoughitshealth-careproblemsarefarmorepressing.(47)Thereasonsforthisaretwo-fold,andwellknown-notenoughhealth-careworkersaretrainedinthefirstplace,andtoomanyofthosewhoaretrainedthenleaveforbetter-paidjobsintherichworld.Whatthereportdoesistoputsomenumbersontheseproblems.Amere5,000doctors,itfinds,graduateinAfricaeachyear(athirdofthenumberthatgraduateinAmerica).Only50of600doctorstrainedinZambiainrecentyearsarestillinthecountry.TherearemoreMalawiandoctorsinManchesterthanMalawi.(48)Andmanyrichcountriesexacerbatetheproblembyrecruitingfrompooronestohelpdealwiththeirownshortages.Toovercomeallthis,theJLIreckonsthattheworldneeds4mmorehealth-careworkers,ofwhom1marerequiredinsub-SaharanAfricaalone.Thequestionis,whowillpayforthem?Thereportfloatssomeideas.(49)Itrecommendsthatroughly$400m,or4%oftheoverseasaidcurrentlyspentonhealth,beearmarkedtohelpbuildupthehealth-careworkforceinpoorcountries.(50)Butitalsosuggeststhatbetterusebemadeofexistingresources,forexamplebyemployinglocalvolunteersratherthanhighlytraineddoctorsformanyroutinematters.AsLincolnChenofHarvardUniversity,oneofthereport'sauthors,pointsout,afewcountries,suchasBrazil,ThailandandIran,havetakenstepsintherightdirection.Othersneedtofollowtheirlead.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80～100Englishwords.YoushouldwriteyourabstractonANSWERSHEET2.（10points） 经济全球化的主要原因 20世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。简单归纳，其原因主要包括以下几个方面： 全球化的技术基础。科技进步为全球化快速发展提供了物质基础和技术手段。科技革命是经济全球化发展的最根本的物质基础和动力，历史上历次科技革命都促进了社会生产力的飞跃发展，同时也促进了整个世界的融合。20世纪50年代以电子技术和信息技术等为主要标志的新的科技革命的兴起，使科技日益成为社会生产力发展的先导，成为影响生产力发展的至关重要的因素。科技知识在社会生产的各个领域中得到广泛传播和运用，劳动者的智能和技能得到进一步的开发，创造出越来越多的物质和精神财富，极大地促进了世界生产力的发展，生产社会化程度日益提高，国际分工日益深化，各国经济以此为基础紧密相连，世界经济进入一个全新的繁荣时期。同时，新科技革命使得科技成果积累的速度大大加快，新材料、新产品不断涌现，大量高技术产业不断产生，在世界范围内促进了产业结构的调整和转移，新的产业布局开始形成，以信息技术和产业为主导，以高新技术为基础的新兴产业部门也蓬勃兴起并迅速发展，快速取代了传统产业而逐渐成为经济的主导部门推进的重要动力源。 全球化的经济基础。市场经济体制的强势地位不断增强，跨国公司的突飞发展，国际经济组织的不断完善为经济全球化奠定了坚实的经济基础。 首先，市场经济体制成为世界各国发展经济的首选。20世纪80年代末至90年代初，世界形势发生了重大变化，东欧剧变，苏联解体，40多年的冷战格局最终结束。冷战结束后，国际形势总体上走向缓和。各国纷纷把发展经济列为首要目标，普遍扩大了对外开放，和平与发展成为当今时代的两大主题。前苏联和东欧国家先后走上了向市场经济过渡的轨道，改行自由市场经济，并积极致力于融入西方经济体系。中国在长期的实践中，也逐渐认识到计划经济的不足和弊端，自1978年起开始实行以市场为导向的、全面的经济改革，大力推行对外开放，努力实现同世界经济的接轨，目前已成为世界经济的重要组成部分。这一切都说明，市场经济体制已成为不同制度、不同发展层次国家的共同选择，市场经济已基本实现了全球化，经济全球化是以市场为基础的，没有市场经济就没有生产要素在国际间的自由流动，就谈不上经济全球化。 其次，力量不断壮大的跨国公司成为经济全球化的中坚力量。跨国公司是以本国作为基地，通过对外直接投资，在世界各地设立分支机构和子公司，从事国际化生产和经营的企业。跨国公司凭借其雄厚的经济实力和灵活的经营战略，以全球为工厂，以它所在的各个国家为车间，在全球范围内充分利用各地的优势组织生产和流通，通过自己广泛的经营活动，实现了商品和资本等生产要素在全球范围内的整合，促进了生产在国家间的水平分工和垂直分工，使之密切联系在一起，从而为经济全球化的发展打下了坚实的微观基础，并成为经济全球化的主要推动力量和主要载体。 最后，国际经济组织是经济全球化发展的组织保障。第二次世界大战结束以后，生产力的不断提高，生产力的国际化使得越来越多的商品、资本、劳动进入国际交流，各国的国际分工和相互依赖性不断增强。这种日益增强的经济联系要求突破原有的国家间的障碍，实现全球范围内的更高层次的经济合作，这就要求有超脱于国家之外的国际经济组织发挥重要作用。战后，国际经济日益明显，国际经济协作不断加强。在当今国际经济关系中，世行、世贸组织、国际货币基金组织等世界性经济组织的调节作用越来越大，而且还出现出进一步增强的趋势。世贸组织（ＷTO）所制定的关于贸易、投资等方面的制度和规则，成为规范全球经济运行，创造自由、公平竞争环境的统一制度和规则，作为世界金融领域的重要国际组织，即国际货币基金组织（IMF）和世界银行（WB）也在国际金融全球化进程中扮演了重要的角色。这些国际经济组织的成立使得国际贸易和国际金融运行有了统一的规则，对成员国的经贸活动和经济行为起着协调和规范作用。这些都为经济全球化的发展起着制度保障作用。PartB52.Directions:Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofchallenge.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge.Youshouldneatlywrite160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)挑战越大，动力也越大
