bagley 1999 shang archaeology

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1、CHAPTERTHREESHANGARCHAEOLOGYRobertBagleyWhenShang^archaeologycameintobeingseventyyearsagoitwasthearchaeologyofonesite,Anyang^P#innorthernHenanprovince,aplacefirmlyconnectedwiththeShangdynastyoftraditionalhistorybytheoracle-boneinscriptionsunearthedthere.Since1950itsscopehaswideneds

2、teadilytotakeinnewsiteswhich,thoughtheyhavenotyieldedinscriptions,arerelatedtoAnyanginmaterialculture.Theabsenceofinscriptionsleavesthepoliticalstatusofthesesitesuncertain,butthepracticeofChinesearchaeol•ogistshasbeentogivethemaplaceinhistorybyassumingconnectionswiththeShangroyalho

3、use.Newfindshavebeenattachedtotraditionalhistoryonamodelsuppliedbytradition:sincetheShangdynastywasrepresentedbylaterwritersasthepaiamountculturalandpoliticalpowerofitstime,sitesandfindsdistantfromtheShangcourthavebeenassignedeithertopoliticalsubordinatesoftheShangkingortoinferiors

4、vaguelyimaginedasbarbarians.NoindependentcheckofthismodelissuppliedbytheAnyangoracleinscriptions,fortheytoohavebeeninterpretedontheassumptionoftheShangcourt'sparamountstatus.Shangarchaeologyhasoperatedonthepremisethattraditionalhistoryprovidesanadequateaccountofthepastandthatallarc

5、haeologicaldiscoveriesshouldfindanaturalplacewithinthataccount.Yetasarchaeologicalfindsmultiply,itbecomesincreasinglyevidentthatthecentralityandculturalunitywhicharetheessenceofthetraditionalmodelarenowheretobeseeninthearchaeologicalrecordofthetimeoftheAnyangkings.Bythattime,thelas

6、ttwoorthreecenturiesofthesecondmil•lenniumB.C.,civilizationhadlongsincespreadtoaverylargearea,andtheevidenceforcivilizedsocietiesgeographicallyremoteandculturallydifferentfromAnyangisnowabundant.Rationalizationsthatwouldattachthewholeofalargeanddiversearchaeologicalrecordtoaroyalho

7、useattestedatonecityinnorthChinahavecometolookarbitraryandimprobable.SHANGARCHAEOLOGYI25Thischapterthereforeseekstosetoutthearchaeologicalevidenceinawaythatdoesnotassumethatthepictureitpaintsiskxiowninadvance.ThechapterbeginswithabriefhistoryofthearchaeologyoftheShangdynasty,inothe

8、rwords,ofarchaeologyconcei