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1、HumanEvolutionThispageintentionallyleftblankHumanEvolutionTrailsfromthePastCamiloJ.Cela-CondeandFranciscoJ.Ayala11GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellencei
2、nresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuat
3、emalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork#OxfordUniver
4、sityPress2007ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2007Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermi
5、ssioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthea
6、ddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Lt
7、d.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyAntonyRowe,Chippenham,WiltshireISBN978–0–19–856779–0978–0–19–856780–6(Pbk.)10987654321ContentsPreface:Homosapiens,therationalanimalviiChapter1Evolution,genetics,andsystematics11.1Thetheoryofevoluti
8、on11.2Populationandevolutionarygenetics91.3Theclassificationoflivingbeings33Chapter2Theevolutionofhominoids442.1Hominoidtaxonomy442.2EarlyMiocenehominoids542.3MiddleMiocene:themigrationofapesoutofAfrica612.4LateMiocene:thedivergenceofgre
