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1、Lessonone导言第一句中“howtoimproveyourgrades…?”作的是know的宾语，是宾语 从句howyoucanimproveyourgrades…的省略形式。有些带疑问词的宾语从句 往往能省略成：“疑问词＋动词不定式”的形式。如：CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?可省略为：Canyoutellmehowtogettotherailwaystation? 如：Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddo.可省略为：Idon’tknowwhattodo
2、.导言第一句中的without后面接的是动名词结构。without是介词，介词后一般接名词（词组）作宾语，有时也接动名词（短语）或从句作宾语。 如：Hewenttoworkwithoutbreakfast. Theyleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetothehostandthehostess. Theinstrumentisimportanttous,withoutwhichwecanneverdotheexperiment.spend：a.花费（钱，时间等）常见的结构是：spendmoney/timeon
3、something和spendtime(in)doing如：Ispenttendollarsontheshirt.Theyspenttwoandahalfhoursontheirhomework.Theyspenttwoandahalfhours(in)doingtheirhomework.b.度过如：Howdoyouspendyoursparetime?Hehasspentallhislifeinthesmallvillage.导言第二句中的sound是连系动词，意思是“听上去”，该词后面的结构作的是句子的表语。如：He
4、soundedalittlediscouraged.（他听上去有点儿泄气。）Herexcusesoundsreasonable.54类似的连系动词还有look,feel,turn,get,become,grow,appear等。如：Sheappearspaletoday.Theclothfeelssoft.Yourgrandmotherlookswell.Leaveshaveturnedyellow.Thefoodisgettingcold.Theweatherbecomeswarmer.too…to…结构表示“太…以至不
5、能…”的意思，too后面接形容词、副词，to后面接动词原形.导言第二句话Soundstoogoodtobetrue?的意思是：听上去太好了，都令人难以置信,不是吗？如：Heistooweaktocarrytheluggagebyhimself.Theroomistoosmallforfivepeopletolivein.第二个例句中，tolivein这个动词不定式前加了一个形式主语（逻辑主语）forfivepeople.habit的意思是“习惯,atendencytorepeatanactagainandagain,ora
6、behaviorpatternthathasadegreeofunconsciousstubbornrepetition”，如：thehabitforsmoking,ahabitofthrift（节省），ahabitofscratching(挠）one’sheadwhenthinking,areadinghabit,anote-takinghabit.hobby的意思是“业余爱好”,aleisure-timeinterestoractivitytakenupprimarilyforpleasure如：thehobbyoft
7、raveling,thehobbyofphotographythehobbyofstamp-collecting（集邮）average:1)形容词，a."普通的ordinary,common"如：WhatistheyearlyincomeofanaveragefamilyinBeijing?b.“平均的mean”，54如：Theaverageageofthestudentsistwenty.2）名词，“平均”如：Theaverageof4,5and9is6.Ontheaverage(一般说来),therearetwenty
8、studentspresenteveryday.intelligence：n.智力,如：anintelligencetest形容词为intelligent，意思是clever，如：Heisanintelligentyoungman.Thatisanintelligentdecision.AverageI
