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1、QuantumOpticsThispageintentionallyleftblankQuantumOpticsJ.C.GarrisonDepartmentofPhysicsUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandR.Y.ChiaoSchoolofNaturalSciencesandSchoolofEngineeringUniversityofCaliforniaatMerced13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUnivers
2、ityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechR
3、epublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYorkcOxfordUniversityPress20
4、08ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2008Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpr
5、esslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethi
6、ssameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableISBN978–0–19–850886–1PrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,NorfolkThisbookisdedicatedtoourwives:FlorenceChiaoandHillegondaGarrison.Withouttheirunfailingsupportandalmostinfinitepatien
7、ce,thetaskwouldhavebeenmuchharder.ThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceTheideathatlightiscomposedofdiscreteparticlescanbetracedtoNewton’sOpticks(Newton,1952),inwhichheintroducedtheterm‘corpuscles’todescribewhatwenowcall‘particles’.However,theoverwhelmingevidenceinfavorofthewave
