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1、BetweenUniversalismandSkepticismThispageintentionallyleftblankBetweenUniversalismandSkepticismEthicsasSocialArtifactMICHAELPHILIPSNewYorkOxfordOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS1994OxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkTorontoDelhiBombayCalcuttaMadrasKarachiKualaLumpurSingaporeHongKongTokyoNairobiD
2、aresSalaamCapeTownMelbourneAucklandMadridandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright©1994byMichaelPhilipsPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.200MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmayberepr
3、oduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPressLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataPhilips,Michael,1942-Betweenuniversalismandskepticism:ethicsass
4、ocialartifact/[MichaelPhilips],p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-508646-51.Ethics.I.Title.BJ10I2.P4551994171'7-dc2093-24722246897531PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperFormywife,Marion,whoseamazedcriticismsofmyearliermoralistictendenciesforcedmeto
5、rethinkbasicquestionsofethicsandwhosedeepappreciationofinnocence,kindness,andhumorhelpedmetounderstandtherelationbetweenthegoodandtheright.ThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceDuringthemanyyearsIworkedonthisbook,Itaughtinthreephilosophydepartmentsandwasavisitingscholaratanother.Iam
6、indebtedtostudentsandcolleaguesatalloftheseinstitutionsfortheircomments,criticisms,andencouragement.IamespeciallygratefultoRamonLemos,withwhomItalkedphilosophynearlyeveryworkingdaywhilewewerecolleaguesattheUniversityofMiami.Althoughourapproachestoethicsareverydifferent,Ilearnedmuch
7、fromhisgood-naturedbutpenetratingquestions,comments,andarguments,andwasbuoyedbyhisfriendship.IalsobenefitedconsiderablyfromfrequentconversationswithDickSikora,SamCoval,andEarlWinklerduringmytwoyearsasavisitingprofessorattheUniversityofBritishColumbia.Thetenacityandintelligencewithw
8、hicheachofthemcriticizedmy
