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1、外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文DesignWithoutDesignersDNormanIwillalwaysremembermyfirstintroductiontothepowerofgoodproductdesign.IwasnewlyarrivedatApple,stilllearningthewaysofbusiness,whenIwasvisitedbyamemberofApple'sIndustrialDesignteam.Heshowedmeafoammockupofaproposedproduc
2、t."Wow,"Isaid,"Iwantone!Whatisit?"Thatexperiencebroughthomethepowerofdesign:IwasexcitedandenthusiasticevenbeforeIknewwhatitwas.Thistypeofvisceral"wow"responserequirescreativedesigners.Itissubjective,personal.Uhoh,thisisnotwhatengineersliketohear.Ifyoucan'tputanumbert
3、oit,it'snotimportant.Asaresult,thereisatrendtoeliminatedesigners.Whoneedsthemwhenwecansimplytestourwaytosuccess?Theexcitementofpowerful,captivatingdesignisdefinedasirrelevant.Worse,thenatureofdesignisindanger.Don'tbelieveme?ConsiderGoogle.Inawell-publicizedmove,aseni
4、ordesigneratGooglerecentlyquit,statingthatGooglehadnointerestinorunderstandingofdesign.Google,itseems,reliesprimarilyupontestresults,nothumanskillorjudgment.Wanttoknowwhetheradesigniseffective?Tryitout.Googlecanquicklysubmitsamplestomillionsofpeopleinwell-controlledt
5、rials,pittingonedesignagainstanother,selectingthewinnerbaseduponnumberofclicks,orsales,orwhateverobjectivemeasuretheywish.Whichcolorofblueisbest?Test.Itemplacement?Test.Webpagelayout?Test.ThisprocedureishardlyuniquetoGoogle.Amazon.comhaslongfollowedthispractice.Years
6、agoIwasproudlyinformedthattheynolongerhavedebatesaboutwhichdesignisbest:theysimplytestthemandusethedatatodecide.Andthis,ofcourse,istheapproachusedbythehuman-centerediterativedesignapproach:prototype,test,revise.Isthisthefutureofdesign?Certainlytherearemanywhobelieves
7、o.Thisisahottopiconthetalkandseminarcircuit.Afterall,theproponentsaskreasonably,whocouldobjecttomakingdecisionsbasedupondata?TwoTypesofInnovation:IncrementalImprovementsandNewConceptsIndesign—andalmostallinnovation,forthatmatter—thereareatleasttwodistinctforms.Oneisi
8、ncrementalimprovement.Inthemanufacturingofproducts,companiesassumethatunitcostswillcontinuallydecreasethroughcontinual,incrementali
