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1、LegalEnglish:ACoursebookonReadingandTranslationLesson1LawandClassificationofLaw1,GeneralIntroductionLawisasystemofrulesandguidelines,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasasocialmediatorofre
2、lationsbetweenpeople.Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonfinancialderivativesmarkets.Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonalandrealproperty.Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandfinancial
3、security,whiletortlawallowstoclaimsforcompensationifaperson’srightsorpropertyareharmed.Iftheharmiscriminalizedinlegislation.Criminallawoffersmeansbywhichstatecanprosecutetheperpetrator.Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw,theprotectiono
4、fhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives.Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthedecisionsofgovernmentagencies,whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentregulationormilitaryaction.Writingin350
5、BC,theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared,”Theruleoflawisbetterthananyruleofindividual.”Lawraisesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality,fairnessandjustness,”Initsmajesticequality”,saidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894,”thelawforbidstherichandpooraliketosle
6、epunderthebridge,beginthestreetandstealloavesofbread.”Inatypicaldemocracy,thecentralinstitutionforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranchesofgovernment,namelyanimpartialjudiciary,ademocraticlegislature,andanaccountableexecutive.Toimplementandenfo
7、rcethelawandprovideservicesforthepublic,agovernment’sbureaucracy,themilitaryandpolicearevital.Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedandboundbylaw,anindependentlegalprofessionandavibrantcivilsocietywillsupporttheirprogress.2,ClassificationofLawT
8、hereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichlawscanbeclassified,dependingonthecriteriaorcharacteristicsa,SubstantiveLawvs.ProceduralLawSubstantivelawexplainswhatyoucanandyoucannotdo.Forexample,youcannotmurderanotherhumanbeingunlessi