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1、LegalEnglish:ACoursebookonReadingandTranslationLesson1LawandClassificationofLaw1，GeneralIntroductionLawisasystemofrulesandguidelines,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasasocialmediator
2、ofrelationsbetweenpeople.Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonfinancialderivativesmarkets.Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonalandrealproperty.Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandf
3、inancialsecurity,whiletortlawallowstoclaimsforcompensationifaperson’srightsorpropertyareharmed.Iftheharmiscriminalizedinlegislation.Criminallawoffersmeansbywhichstatecanprosecutetheperpetrator.Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw,th
4、eprotectionofhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives.Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthedecisionsofgovernmentagencies,whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentregulationormilitaryact
5、ion.Writingin350BC,theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared,”Theruleoflawisbetterthananyruleofindividual.”Lawraisesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality,fairnessandjustness,”Initsmajesticequality”,saidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894,”thelawforbidsther
6、ichandpooraliketosleepunderthebridge,beginthestreetandstealloavesofbread.”Inatypicaldemocracy,thecentralinstitutionforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranchesofgovernment,namelyanimpartialjudiciary,ademocraticlegislature,andanaccountableexec
7、utive.Toimplementandenforcethelawandprovideservicesforthepublic,agovernment’sbureaucracy,themilitaryandpolicearevital.Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedandboundbylaw,anindependentlegalprofessionandavibrantcivilsocietywillsupporttheirpro
8、gress.2,ClassificationofLawThereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichlawscanbeclassified,dependingonthecriteriaorcharacteristicsa,SubstantiveLawvs.ProceduralLawSubstantivelawexplainswhatyoucanandyoucannotdo.Forexample,youcannotmurderanotherhumanbeingunlessi
