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1、血液循环TBL案例学习目标:1.掌握心肌细胞特性、动作电位及其形成机制2.掌握心肌兴奋—收缩耦联机制与心脏的泵血机制3.理解心脏泵血功能的评价4.理解影响心输出量的因素5.理解心血管系统的神经调节及体液调节6.熟悉心电图波形的形成机制及意义7.熟悉血管的分类,各自的生理特征及血流动力学相关内容8.了解心衰的定义和发病机制9.了解相关心脏疾病如冠心病,心肌梗塞的病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断和治疗原则等10.培养综合政治、经济、文化等各方面因素制定心力衰竭诊治策略的思路。CaseDescription:Huang,66years-oldfemale,cametotheclinicco
2、mplainingaboutdyspneaandchestpainfor5yearsandworseningfor1month.Thepatientwasdiagnosedas“hypertension”sixyearsagoandtheBPlevelcouldreachto180/110mmHg,complicatedwithparoxysmaldizziness,chestpainandpalpitation,couldrelievespontanously,thusnotreatmentisconducted.5yearsagoforthefirsttimethepatien
3、tpresentasuddent,colic,obtuse,presspainonthelowpartofthesternumandradiatetotheleftshoulder,lastforabouthalfminute,remitedafterrest.Sheconsultedthelocalhospitalandwasdiagnosedas“anginapectoris”andwastreatedwithnitroglycerin(dosageunknown),responseeffectively.Sincethenthepatientstarttotake“β-blo
4、cker”onaregularbaseforthehypertension,thepatientherselfconsideredtheBPlevelcontrolledwell,butdidn’tmonitortheBPonaregularbase.Dailyactivityislimited,dyspnea,chestpainsometimespresentedafterhouseworkor30minuteswalk,couldberelievedafterrest.Thesynptomkeptworseningandhalfyearagothepatientpresente
5、datypicalparoxysmalnocturnaldyspnea,relievedaftertakingsittingposition.Onemonthago,withoutobviousinducingfactor,thepatientpresentsuddent,severe,post-sternumsupressionpain,lastformorethan10minutesandcouldn’trelievedaftertakingnitroglycerin.Diagnosedas“coronaryheartdisease”atthelocalhospital,sen
6、ttoourhospitaltwodaysagoforfurthertreatment.Thepatientisforcedtotakesittingposition,milddyspneaatrestandworsenafteractivityandagitation.Thepatientisconscious,cooprateforthephysicalexamination,normalunrinationanddefecation,normalappetite.病例描述:主诉:反复胸闷,胸痛5年余,加重一月余。现病史:患者黄某,女,66岁,五年前曾于活动后突发胸骨中下段性压
7、榨性疼痛,向左肩部放射,持续约半分钟,休息后缓解,于当地医院诊断为“心绞痛”,服用硝酸甘油治疗(剂量不详)(医疗作用:医药上用作血管扩张药,制成0.3%硝酸甘油片剂,舌下给药,作用迅速而短暂,治疗冠状动脉狭窄引起的心绞痛。硝酸甘油片不能吞服,而要放在舌下含服 。这是因为吞服的硝酸甘油在吸收过程必须通过肝脏,在肝脏中绝大部分的硝酸甘油被灭活,而使药效大大降低。我们每个人的舌头下面有许多血管医学上叫舌下静脉丛,硝酸甘油极容易溶化,当把它含在舌下时,溶化了的药物能直接入血,