principle of microscopy

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1、NatureofLightLightSpectrum可见光的波长范围在0.77～0.39微米之间。波长不同的电磁波，引起人眼的颜色感觉不同。0.77～0.622微米，感觉为红色；0.622～0.597微米，橙色；0.597～0.577微米，黄色；0.577～0.492微米，绿色；0.492～0.455微米，蓝靛色；0.455～0.39微米，紫色。Wavelength–Frequency-EnergyBluelight：488nm，shortwavelength，highfrequency，highenergy(2timesthered)Redlight：650nm，lo

2、ngwavelength，lowfrequency，lowenergyMicroscopeBasicsObjectivesPLAN-APO-40X1.30N.A.160/0.22FlatfieldApochromatMagnificationNumericalTubeCoverglassFactorApertureLengthThicknessµ-InfinitycorrectedTubelengthBeamqtqiqrIncidentBeamReflectedBeamTransmitted(refracted)BeamKeywordsAbsorption光吸收•Whe

3、nlightpassesthroughanobjecttheintensityisreduceddependinguponthecolorabsorbed.Thustheselectiveabsorptionofwhitelightproducescoloredlight.Beam光线Diaphragm光阑/光圈•在光学系统中，限制成像光束的光孔，或者是限制成像范围的光孔或框，按其作用的不同，分为孔径光阑和视场光阑两种；–Aperturediaphragm孔径光阑为限制入射光束大小的孔，其大小和位置对透镜所成像的清晰程度、正确性和亮度都有决定性的作用。如照相机镜头上的圆

4、形光阑（俗称光圈）。–Fielddiaphragm视场光阑是限制成像景物的面积大小（视场）所用的孔。例如照相系统中的底片框。Condenser聚光镜Compensating补偿–designedtoworkwithspecificapochromaticorflatfieldobjectives-itiscolorcompensatedandcannotbemixedwithotherobjectives(ormicroscopes)Photo-adapter–designedtoprojecttheimageonthefilminthecamera-usuallyal

5、ongerdistanceandlowermagnificationfrom0.5xto5xDiffraction衍射•Lightraysbendaroundedges-newwavefrontsaregeneratedatsharpedges-thesmallertheaperturethelowerthedefinitionDispersion色散•Separationoflightintoitsconstituentwavelengthswhenenteringatransparentmedium-thechangeofrefractiveindexwithwav

6、elength,suchasthespectrumproducedbyaprismorarainbowEyecups眼杯（目镜）Focallength焦距Inter-pupillarydistance筒空间距（目镜）Illumination照明•Verticalillumination垂直光源•KöhlerIllumination：科勒照明法是光源的灯丝在聚光器的孔径光阑上成象。因此，也就在物镜后焦面上成象。这样视野内照光均匀，不会烤焦被摄材料，极为有效的控制被照明的视场及其照明孔径。••Lamp灯•Lamphouse灯室Lens镜头Microscope显微镜•Upri

7、ghtMicroscope正置显微镜•InvertedMicroscope倒置显微镜NA,Numericalaperture数值孔径•NA=nsinu–n=thelowestrefractiveindexbetweentheobjectandfirstobjectiveelement(hopefully1)–uis1/2theangularapertureoftheobjective；孔径角又称"镜口角"，是物镜光轴上的物体点与物镜前透镜的有效直径所形成的角度。孔径角越大，进入物镜的光通亮就越大，它与物镜的有效直径成正比，与焦点的距离成反