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1、Chapter1ArgumentStructure1.1WHATISANARGUMENT?Logicisthestudyofarguments.Anargumentisasequenceofstatementsofwhichoneisintendedasaconclusionandtheothers,thepremises,areintendedtoproveoratleastprovidesomeevidencefortheconclusion.Herearetwosimpleexamples:Allhumansaremortal.Socratesi
2、shuman.Therefore,Socratesismortal.Albertwasnotattheparty,sohecannothavestolenyourbag.Inthefirstargument,thefirsttwostatementsarepremisesintendedtoprovetheconclusionthatSocratesismortal.Inthesecondargument,thepremisethatAlbertwasnotatthepartyisofferedasevidencefortheconclusiontha
3、thecannothavestolenthebag.Thepremisesandconclusionofanargumentarealwaysstatementsorpropositions,'asopposedtoquestions,commands,orexclamations.Astatementisanassertionthatiseithertrueorfalse(asthecasemaybe)andistypicallyexpressedbyadeclarative~entence.~Herearesomemoreexamples:Dogs
4、donotfly.RobertMusilwroteTheManWithoutQualities.BrusselsiseitherinBelgiumorinHolland.Snowisred.Mybrotherisanentomologist.Thefirstthreesentencesexpressstatementsthatareinfacttrue.Thefourthsentenceexpressesafalsestatement.Andthelastsentencecanbeusedtoexpressdifferentstatementsindi
5、fferentcontexts,andwillbetrueorfalsedependingonwhetherornotthebrotherofthespeakerisinfactanentomologist.Bycontrast,thefollowingsentencesdonotexpressanystatements:WhoistheauthorofTheManWithoutQualities?PleasedonotcallafterIlpm.Comeon!Nonstatements,suchasquestions,commands,orexcla
6、mation:;,areneithertruenorfalse.Theymaysometimessuggestpremisesorconclusions,buttheyareneverthemselvespremisesorconclusions.SOLVEDPROBLEM1.1Someofthefollowingarearguments.Ide-ntifytheirpremisesandconclusions.(a)He'saLeo,sincehewasborninthefirstweekofAugust.(6)Howcantheeconomybei
7、mproving?Thetradedeficitisrisingeveryday.'~hiloso~herssometimesdrawadistinctionbetweenstatementsandpropositions,butitisnotnecessarytomakethatdistinctionhere.2Thedistinctionbetweenastatementorpropositionandthesentenceusedtoexpressitisimportant.Asentencecanbeambiguousorcontext-dep
8、endent,andcanthereforeexpressanyoftwoormorestat
