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1、Quarks,LeptonsandtheBigBangSecondEditionQuarks,LeptonsandtheBigBangSecondEditionJonathanAlldayTheKing’sSchool,CanterburyInstituteofPhysicsPublishingBristolandPhiladelphiacIOPPublishingLtd2002Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedi
2、naretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.MultiplecopyingispermittedinaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyundertheterms
3、ofitsagreementwiththeCommitteeofVice-ChancellorsandPrincipals.BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ISBN0750308060LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataareavailableFirsteditionprinte
4、d1998Firsteditionreprintedwithminorcorrections1999CommissioningEditor:JamesRevillProductionEditor:SimonLaurensonProductionControl:SarahPlentyCoverDesign:Fr´ed´eriqueSwistMarketingExecutive:LauraSerratricePublishedbyInstituteofPhysicsPublishing,whollyownedb
5、yTheInstituteofPhysics,LondonInstituteofPhysicsPublishing,DiracHouse,TempleBack,BristolBS16BE,UKUSOffice:InstituteofPhysicsPublishing,ThePublicLedgerBuilding,Suite1035,150SouthIndependenceMallWest,Philadelphia,PA19106,USATypesetinLATEX2εbyText2Text,Torquay,
6、DevonPrintedintheUKbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,CornwallContentsPrefacetothesecondeditionixPrefacetothefirsteditionxiiiPrelude:Settingthescene11Thestandardmodel51.1Thefundamentalparticlesofmatter51.2Thefourfundamentalforces101.3Thebigbang141.4Summaryofchapter1182As
7、pectsofthetheoryofrelativity212.1Momentum212.2Kineticenergy282.3Energy312.4Energyandmass322.5Reactionsanddecays372.6Summaryofchapter2403Quantumtheory423.1Thedoubleslotexperimentforelectrons443.2Whatdoesitallmean?493.3Feynman’spicture503.4Asecondexperiment5
8、33.5Howtocalculatewithamplitudes563.6Followingamplitudesalongpaths593.7Amplitudes,statesanduncertainties723.8Summaryofchapter382viContents4Theleptons854.1Aspotter’sguidetotheleptons854.2Thephysicalpropertieso
