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1、CERN-TH/2002-025ROM2F-2002/08LPTENS02/14CPHTRR020.0202hep-th/0204089OpenStringsCAngelantonjyandASagnottizyTheoryDivision{CERN,1211Geneva23,SwitzerlandzDipartimentodiFisica,UniversitadiRomaTorVergata",INFN-SezionediRomaTorVergata",ViadellaRicercaScienti ca1,I-00133RomaAbstract.Th
2、isreviewisdevotedtoopenstrings,andinparticulartotheoftensurprisingfeaturesoftheirspectra.ItfollowsandsummarizesdevelopmentsthattookplacemainlyattheUniversityofRomeTorVergata"overthelastdecade,andcentredonworld-sheetaspectsoftheconstructionsnowcommonlyreferredtoasorientifolds".Our
3、presentationaimstobridgethegapbetweentheworld-sheetanalysis,that rstexhibitedmanyofthenovelfeaturesofthesesystems,andtheirgeometricdescriptionintermsofextendedobjects,D-branesandO-planes,contributedbymanyothercolleagues,andmostnotablybyJ.Polchinski.Wethereforeproceedthroughanumbero
4、fprototypeexamples,startingfromthebosonicstringandmovingontoten-dimensionalfermionicstringsandtheirtoroidalandorbifoldcompacti cations,inanattempttoguidethereaderinaself-containedjourneytothemorerecentdevelopmentsrelatedtothebreakingofsupersymmetry.PACSnumbers:11.25.w,11.25.Db,11.2
5、5.Hf,11.25.MjarXiv:hep-th/0204089v110Apr2002DedicatedtoJohnH.SchwarzontheoccasionofhissixtiethbirthdayContents2Contents1Introductionandsummary32Thebosonicstring62.1ThePolyakovexpansion...........................62.2Light-conequantization............................132.3Chan-Patongr
6、oupsandquarks"attheendsofstrings..........172.4VacuumamplitudeswithzeroEulercharacter...............213Ten-dimensionalsuperstrings303.1SuperstringsintheNSRformulation....................313.2ThetypeIsuperstring:SO(32)vsUSp(32).................373.3Opendescendantsofthe0Amodel......
7、...............403.4Opendescendantsofthe0Bmodel.....................414Toroidalcompacti cation464.1Theone-dimensionaltorus..........................464.2Higher-dimensionaltori............................524.3T-dualityanddiscretemoduli........................565Orbifoldcompacti cati
8、on595.1Theone-dimensionalo
