2013年雅思考试阅读模拟练习及答案十九

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1、2013年雅思考试阅读模拟练习及答案十九A.Neoclassicaleconomicsisbuiltontheassumptionthathumansarerationalbeingswhohaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsandstrivetoextractmaximumbenefit(or“utility”，ineconomist-speak)fromanysituation.Neoclassicaleconomicsassumesthattheprocessofdecision-m

2、akingisrational.Butthatcontradictsgrowingevidencethatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.B.Theroleofemotionsindecisionsmakesperfectsense.Forsituationsmetfrequentlyinthepast，suchasobtainingfoodandmates，andconfrontingorfleeingfromthrea

3、ts，theneuralmechanismsrequiredtoweighuptheprosandconswillhavebeenhonedbyevolutiontoproduceanoptimaloutnete.Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutnetes，evolutionaryandeconomictheorypredictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases

4、.Butdoesthisstillapplywhentheancestralmachineryhastorespondtothestimuliofurbanmodernity?C.OneofthepeoplewhothinksthatitdoesnotisGeorgeLoewenstein，aneconomistatCarnegieMellonUniversity，inPittsburgh.Inparticular，hesuspectsthatmodernshoppinghassubvertedthedecision-m

5、akingmachineryinawaythatencouragespeopletorunupdebt.Toprovethepointhehasteamedupwithtwopsychologists，BrianKnutsonofStanfordUniversityandDrazenPrelecoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，tolookatwhathappensinthebrainwhenitisdecidingwhattobuy.D.Inastudy，thethreer

6、esearchersasked26volunteerstodecidewhethertobuyaseriesofproductssuchasaboxofchocolatesoraDVDofthetelevisionshowthatwereflashedonanetputerscreenoneafteranother.Ineachroundofthetask，theresearchersfirstpresentedtheproductandthenitsprice，witheachsteplastingfoursecond

7、s.Inthefinalstage，whichalsolastedfourseconds，theyaskedthevolunteerstomakeuptheirminds.Whilethevolunteersweretakingpartintheexperiment，theresearchersscannedtheirbrainsusingatechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)。Thismeasuresbloodflowandoxygenconsu

8、mptioninthebrain，asanindicationofitsactivity.E.Theresearchersfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvolvedatdifferentstagesofthetest.Thenucleusaccumbenswasthem