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1、ThestandardmodelofparticlephysicsMaryK.GaillardUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California94720PaulD.GrannisStateUniversityofNewYork,StonyBrook,NewYork11794FrankJ.SciulliColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NewYork10027Particlephysicshasevolvedacoherentmodelthatcharacterizesforcesandparticlesatth
2、emostelementarylevel.Thisstandardmodel,builtfrommanytheoreticalandexperimentalstudies,isinexcellentaccordwithalmostallcurrentdata.However,therearemanyhintsthatitisbutanapproximationtoayetmorefundamentaltheory.Theauthorstracethedevelopmentofthestandardmodelandindicatethereasonsforbeliev
3、ingthatitisincomplete.[S0034-6861(99)00202-0]I.INTRODUCTION:ABIRD'S-EYEVIEWOFTHEasingleelectroweakgaugetheory,reminiscentofMax-STANDARDMODELwell'suni®cationoftheseeminglydistinctforcesofelec-tricityandmagnetism.OverthepastthreedecadesacompellingcasehasBymidcentury,theelectromagneticfor
4、cewaswellun-emergedforthenowwidelyacceptedstandardmodelofderstoodasarenormalizablequantum®eldtheoryelementaryparticlesandforces.A``StandardModel''is(QFT)knownasquantumelectrodynamicsorQED,de-atheoreticalframeworkbuiltfromobservationthatpre-scribedinthepreceedingarticle.``Renormalizable
5、''dictsandcorrelatesnewdata.TheMendeleevtableofmeansthatonceafewparametersaredeterminedbyaelementswasanearlyexampleinchemistry;fromthelimitedsetofmeasurements,thequantitativefeaturesofperiodictableonecouldpredictthepropertiesofmanyinteractionsamongchargedparticlesandphotonscanbehithert
6、ounstudiedelementsandcompounds.Nonrela-calculatedtoarbitraryaccuracyasaperturbativeexpan-tivisticquantumtheoryisanotherstandardmodelthatsioninthe®ne-structureconstant.QEDhasbeentestedhascorrelatedtheresultsofcountlessexperiments.Likeoveranenergyrangefrom10216eVtotensofGeV,itsprecursors
7、inother®elds,thestandardmodelofpar-i.e.,distancesrangingfrom108kmto1022fm.Incon-ticlephysicshasbeenenormouslysuccessfulinpredict-trast,thenuclearforcewascharacterizedbyacouplingingawiderangeofphenomena.And,justasordinarystrengththatprecludedaperturbativeexpansion.More-quantummechanic
