曼昆经济学原理读书笔记(5)

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1、曼昆《经济学原理》读书笔记（5）应用原理6什么是竞争市场在一个竞争市场中什么决定一种物品的需求在一个竞争市场中什么决定一种物品的供给供给和需求如何共同决定一种物品的价格与销售量市场经济中价格在配置稀缺资源中的关键作用关键概念（KeyConcepts）：1.市场marketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.2.均衡equilibriumasituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbroughtintobalance.3.需求量quantitydemand

2、edtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase.4.供给量quantitysuppliedtheamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell.5.供给表supplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.6.替代品substitutestwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonel

3、eadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother.7.互补品complementstwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother.8.需求表demandscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.9.需求曲线demandcurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthep

4、riceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.10.供给规律lawofsupplytheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises.11.需求规律lawofdemandtheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises.12.正常物品normalgoodagoodforwhich,oth

5、erthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand.1.低档物品inferiorgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand.2.供给曲线supplycurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.3.竞争市场competitivemarketamarketinwhichthereare

6、manybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice.4.均衡价格equilibriumpricethepricethatbalancessupplyanddemand.5.均衡数量equilibriumquantitythequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupplyanddemand.6.超额供给surplusasituationinwhichquantit

7、ysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.7.超额需求shortageasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.8.其他条件相同ceterisparibusaLatinphrase,translatedas“otherthingsbeingequal,”usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant.第四章供给与需求的市场

8、力量THEMARKETFORCESOFSUPPLYANDDEMAND一、市场与竞