学位论文-—汽车专业 翻译 中英文（全）automobile exhaust paper.doc

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1、NATUREANDTYPEOFPOLLUTIONFROMAUTOMOBILESANDSTRATEGIESFORITSCONTROLDr.G.C.Kisku,ScientistIndustrialToxicologyResearchCentre,EnvironmentalMonitoringDivisionM.G.Marg,PostBoxNo.80,Lucknow-226001,U.P.E-mail:kiskugc1@rediffmail.comINTRODUCTIONDeteriorationofairqualityis

2、amajorenvironmentalprobleminmanylargeurbancentersinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Althoughurbanairqualityindevelopedcountrieshasbeencontrolledtosomeextentduringthepasttwodecades,inmostofthedevelopingcountriesitisworseningandbecomingamajorthreattothehealthand

3、welfareofpeopleandtheenvironment.Inourmodernsociety,qualityoflifeisgreatlymeasuredbytheamountofconsumptionofelectricityorbytheuseofcar.Electricitygenerationandoperationofvehiclesmostlyusefossilfuel.Asthesefuelsareburnt,hugequantityoflethalchemicalsandpoisonouspar

4、ticulatematterarereleasedasapartofemissionintothesurroundingatmosphereduetoincompletecombustioncausingseriousairpollution,affectingpublichealth.ThecontributionofmotorvehiclestoairpollutionwasfirstrecognizedbyProf.HazenSmitwhodiscoveredthatthetwoinvisiblevehicular

5、emissionsnamelyhydrocarbonsandoxidesofnitrogenwereresponsibleforthefamousLosAngeles‘photochemicalsmog’.Thesegasesinteractwithoneanotherandothercomponentsoftheatmospheretogenerateseveralharmfulcompoundsviz.carcinogens.Theautoexhaustalsoaffectsourvaluableculturalhe

6、ritage,historicalplaces/monuments/architectureandtheenvironment.ThenumberofvehiclesinIndiahasincreasedfrom1.86millionin1971to32millionin1996andabout53millionin2000.Meteorologicalandtopographicalconditionsaffectdispersionandtransportofthesepollutantsinambientair.A

7、UTOMOTIVEENGINETYPESSpark-ignitionandDieselenginesarethetwomostcommonengines.OthertypesofenginesareRotary(Wankel)Engines,Gas-Turbine(Brayton)Engines,Steam(Rankine)Engines,Stirling)Engines,ElectricandHybridVehicles.Spark-ignitiongasolineengineshaveeithera2-Stroke(

8、thecycleiscompletedin2-strokesofthepiston)or4-Strokedesign(thecycleiscompletedin4-strokes,Suction►Compression►ExpansionorPower28and►ExhaustStrokesofthepiston).