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1、42ReliabilityRequirements42可靠性要求1.Reliabilityrequirementsvarygreatlydependingonthetypeofequipmentorsystemunderconsideration.Theymaysometimesbesetbythedesignerormorebroadlybythefirmresponsibleforthedesign.Inothersituationstherequirementsmaybeimposedbythebuyeroftheproduct;andinsomei
2、nstancesthirdoutsideparties,suchasinsuranceunderwritersorgovernmentagencies,mayplayalargerole.可靠性的要求在很大程度上取决于所考虑的设备或系统的类型。他们有时可能是由设计师或更广泛的负责设计公司。在其他情况下，要求可以由产品的买方征收；在某些情况下，第三个外部各方，如保险公司或政府机构，可以发挥很大的作用。2.Foranygivenproducttherearelikelytobetrade-offsbetweencapitalcostsandmaintenanc
3、ecosts.Themoreeffortputintomakingtheproductreliable,thehigherwillbeitsinitialorcapitalcost.Atthesametime,themorereliableaproductis,thelowerthecostsformaintenanceandrepairarelikelytobe.Wemightbetemptedtosaythatthesolutionisoptimalwhenthetotalcostisminimized.Inpractice,however,theco
4、nsiderationsthatgointomakingsuchatrade-offvarygreatly,dependingonthenatureoftheproduct.Thevaryingrequirementsmaybeunderstoodmoreconcretelybyconsideringthefactorsthatmaycomeintoplayinthefollowingthreediverseexamples:anairconditioner,anindustrialrobot,andanaircraftengine.对于任何给定的产品有可
5、能之间的权衡资本成本和维护成本。更多的精力投入使产品可靠性高，将其初始或资本成本。同时，更可靠的产品，降低成本的维护和修理的可能。我们或许会说，最佳的解决方案是在总成本最小化。然而在实践中，，进入这样的权衡不同的考虑，根据产品的性质。不同的要求可以通过考虑可能在以下三个不同的例子发挥的因素更具体的了解：空调，工业机器人，和飞机发动机。3.Thereliabilityrequirementsforanairconditionermaydependtoagreatextentonconsumerpsychology.Towhatextentwillthebuy
6、erbewillingtopayahigherpriceinordertosavelaterrepairorreplacementcosts?Thepriceisobvious,buthowwillthereliabilitybeimpressedonthegeneralpublic:byinformationandadvertisingabouttheairconditioner'sfeatures,orbythewillingnesstoofferalongerwarrantythanthecompetition?Moreover,whatwill
7、thesalesconsequencesbeifthecostistoohighbecauseexcessivereliabilityisbuiltintotheairconditioner?Ontheotherhand,ifthepublicbuystheitematalowerpriceandthencomestoresenttheinconvenienceandcostofbreakdowns,willthefirm'sotherproductsacquirealingeringreputationforpoordesignorshoddywork
8、manship?This,inturn,maydependsign
