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1、9QuestionOne:Comparethepost-warKeiretsuinter-firmstructureinJapanwiththepre-warZaibatsus.ExplainthereasonswhytheKeiretsuwereimportanttoJapan’seconomyinthe1950-1990period,andwhytheyarenowconsideredtobeamajorcauseofitscurrentstructuralproblems.IntroductionThispaperreviewsmajortheoreticalandempirica
2、lworkoncomparingtheKeiretsuandZaibatsusaswellastheimportanceofKeiretsusintheprocessofJapandevelopmentduringthe1950stoearly1990s.Firstly,Icomparethepre-warZaibatsuswiththepost-warKeiretsuinconcepts,history,structuresandgovernanceperspectives.Thisarticlewillreviewsmajortheoreticalandempiricalworkon
3、verticalandhorizontalJapanesekeiretsu.IthendiscusschangesintheJapaneseeconomyduringthepost-warperiodfrom1950still1992Japaneseeconomicdeclineandtheirimplicationsforthepersistenceandcontinuedbenefitsofeachformofinter-corporategroupingfollowedbyadiscussionoffactsregardingtheroleofkeiretsuintheJapane
4、seeconomy.Thirdly,thisarticlewillanalysethestructuralproblemsofKeiretsusontheglobalisationcontext.BackgroundsofZaibatsusandKeiretsusinJapanJapaneseZaibatsusdevelopedmostlyfromtheMeijiera(1868-1912).Bytheturnofthecentury,Japanhadgivenbirthtoseveralgroupsofwidelydiversifiedcompanies,eachofthemowned
5、andoperatedbyasinglefamily.Withthewealthexpansionofthesefamilies,theybecamethenation’snewaristocracy,the“financialcliques”ortheZaibatsus.TheZaibatsuisgenerallyunderstoodtobeadiversegroupoflargeindustriescontrolledbyasinglefamily,usuallythroughacentralholdingcompany.AccordingtoMiyashitaandRussell(
6、1994),aZaibatsuis“nothingmorethanalargeindustrialcombine”onitsinitialstrcuture.TheactualgrowthoftheZaibatsusbeganin1914,WorldWarⅠ,JapansuppliedmunitionsandothergoodstotheAllies.WithoutthecompetitionfromEuropeancompanies,Japanesefirmswerefreeto9expandinternationally.Duringthatfiveyears,theexportof
7、Japanincreased266%.TheBigFour----ZaibatsusareMitsui,Sumitomo,MitsubishiandYasudausedtheirprofitstostarttheirownbank.TheAmericansinitiallywantedtodissolveallthezaibatsuafterWorldWarⅡ,astheysawthemasundemocraticandthefin
