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1、CHAPTER4SOURCESOFINTERNATIONALHUMANRIGHTSLAW第四章国际人权法的渊源LawSchool,HunanUniversity ProfessorNie,Zilu湖南大学法学院聂资鲁教授OverviewDefinitionofHumanRightsThebasicrightsandfreedomstowhichallhumansareentitled,oftenheldtoincludetherighttolifeandliberty,freedomofthoughtandexpression,andequalitybeforethelaw.Ove
2、rview(cont.)HistoricalDevelopmentofHumanRights•‘Firstgeneration’rights–civilandpoliticalrightsFreedomofspeech,religion,fairtrialProtectionofpersonsagainstdraconianstates•‘Secondgeneration’rights–economic,social,andculturalrightsRightstohealth,towork,security,education•‘Thirdgeneration’rights–g
3、roupandcollectiverightsRighttoself-determination,development,controloverresources,cleanenvironment,arighttopeace.CharacteristicsofHumanRights•Universal•Internationallyguaranteed•Legallyprotected•Protectindividualsandgroups•Cannotbetakenaway•Equalandindivisible•ObligeStatesandStateactorsOvervie
4、w(cont.)themaincontentofarticle38oftheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice“internationalconventions”国际协约;“internationalcustom国际习惯(asevidenceofageneralpracticeacceptedaslaw)”;“generalprinciplesoflawrecognizedby”thecommunityofnations一般法律原则;“judicialdecisionsandtheteachingsofthemosthighlyquali
5、fiedpublicists...Assubsidiarymeansforthedeterminationofrulesoflaw”司法判例及公法学家之学说.Overview(cont.)generalinternationalagreements（普遍性的国际文件）theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR,1948)《世界人权宣言》TheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICPR,1966)《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》TheInternationalCovenantonEcon
6、omic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR,1966)《经济权利、社会权利和文化权利国际公约》SourcesofInternationalHumanRightstheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights《世界人权宣言》In1948,theUNGeneralAssemblyadoptedtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.TheDeclarationenumeratescivil,political,economic,social,andculturalrights,buttheDecla
7、rationcontainsnoprovisionsformonitoringorenforcement.ICPRandICESCRIn1966,theGeneralAssemblyadopted:TheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsTheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightswhich,togetherwiththeUDHR,aren
