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1、智课网TOEFL备考资料刘文勇黄金阅读真题：实用艺术和创造艺术摘要：最新版《刘文勇黄金阅读7.0版本》高清PDF格式支持免费下载，下面是小编整理的刘文勇黄金阅读真题：实用艺术和创造艺术，希望对大家备考托福有所帮助。APPLIEDARTSANDFINEARTS实用艺术和创造艺术Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthem-clay,glass,wood,fiber,andmetal-itwasoncecommontothinkofcraftsintermsoffunctio
2、n,whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe"appliedarts."Approachingcraftsfromthepointofviewoffunction,wecandividethemintosimplecategories:containers,sheltersandsupports.Thereisnowayaroundthefactthatcontainers,shelters,andsupportsmustbefunctional.Theappliedartsarethusboundbythelawsofphysics,whichpertaintobotht
3、hematerialsusedintheirmakingandthesubstancesandthingstobecontained,supported,andsheltered.Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplication,regardlessofculturalbeliefs,geography,orclimate.Ifapothasnobottomorhaslargeopeningsinitssides,itcouldhardlybeconsideredacontainerinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysi
4、cs,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.Buildingswithoutroofs,forexample,areunusualbecausetheydepartfromthenorm.However,notallfunctionalobjectsareexactlyalike;thatiswhywerecognizeaS
5、hangDynastyvaseasbeingdifferentfromanIncavase.Whatvariesisnotthebasicformbuttheincidentaldetailsthatdonotobstructtheobject'sprimaryfunction.Sensitivitytophysicallawsisthusanimportantconsiderationforthemakerofapplied-artobjects.Itisoftentakenforgrantedthatthisisalsotrueforthemakeroffine-artobjects.Th
6、isassumptionmissesasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwodisciplines.Fine-artobjectsarenotconstrainedbythelawsofphysicsinthesamewaythatapplied-artobjectsare.Becausetheirprimarypurposeisnotfunctional,theyareonlylimitedintermsofthematerialsusedtomakethem.Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanu
7、nderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeoverco
