普通物理学热学知识点总结（summary of thermal knowledge in general physics）

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1、普通物理学热学知识点总结（Summaryofthermalknowledgeingeneralphysics）1.theconceptoftemperatureandrelateddefinitions1)thetemperatureisthephysicalquantitythatdescribesthemacroscopicstateofthesystemwhenitisinthermalequilibrium.2)isanumericalrepresentationoftemperaturescale.AscaleiscommonlyusedbyT,Cels

2、ius,thedegreecentigrade(C).Theotherisathermodynamicscale,alsocalledtheKelvinscale,denotedbyT.ItsinternationalsystemofunitsinthenameofKelvin,referredtoasK.Therelationshipbetweentheconversionandthethermodynamicscalecelsius:T/K=273.15DEGC+TThetemperaturehasnoupperlimit,butthereisalowerli

3、mit.Temperatureisthethermodynamictemperaturescaleabsolutezero.Thetemperaturecanbeinfinitelycloseto0K,butitneverreaches0K.2.microscopicmodelsofidealgasesandstatisticalmodelsoflargequantitiesofgases.Characteristicsofvelocitydistribution.1)inordertoinvestigatethemacroscopicphenomenaofide

4、algasfromthepointofviewofthetheoryofgasmotion,amicroscopicmodelofidealgasshouldbeestablished.Canassume:Thesizeoftheagasmoleculeismuchsmallerthantheaveragedistancebetweengasmoleculesandthereforenegligible.Theidealgasmoleculecanberegardedasaparticle.TheinteractionbetweenBmoleculescanben

5、eglected.ThecollisionsofCmolecularbondsandcollisionswiththeirwallscanbeconsideredasperfectlyelasticcollisions.Tosumup:idealgasmoleculescanberegardedasfree,irregularlymovingelasticparticlegroups.2)themotionofeachmoleculeobeysthelawofmechanics,whilethethermalmotionofalargenumberofmolecu

6、lesobeysthelawsofstatistics.Thestatisticallawtellsusthatwecanhearthemethodofaveragingthephysicalquantitiesofonlookersandgetthemacroscopicphysicalquantities.Themacroscopicparametersofagas(temperature,pressure,etc.)arethestatisticalaveragesofthethermalmotionofagasmolecule.3.idealgasequa

7、tionofstateanditsapplicationWhenthemassofacertaingasisinequilibrium,thethreestateparametersP,VandTarenotindependentofeachother,andthereisacertainrelationshipbetweenthetwenty.Theexpressioniscalledtheequationofstateofgasf(P,V,T)=0Eventuallygot:.Thisequationiscalledtheequationofstateofan

8、ideal