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1、------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GWD-9-Q4-Q7N-17-Q5
2、-18G-9-Q4-Q7【较详细】Bythesixteenthcentury,theIncasofSouthAmericaruledanempirethatextendedalongthePacificcoastandAndeanhighlandsfromwhatisnowEcuadortocentralChile.WhilemostoftheIncaswereself-sufficientagriculturists,theinhabitantsofthehighlandbasinsabove9,000feetwereconstrainedbythekin
3、dsofcropstheycouldcultivate.Whereas95percentoftheprincipalAndeanfoodcropscanbecultivatedbelow3,000feet,only20percentreproducereadilyabove9,000feet.Giventhisunequalresourcedistribution,highlandIncasneededaccesstotheproductsoflower,warmerclimaticzonesinordertoenlargethevarietyandquan
4、tityoftheirfoodstuffs.Inmostofthepreindustrialworld,theproblemofdifferentresourcedistributionwasresolvedbylong-distancetradenetworksoverwhichtheendconsumerexercisedlittlecontrol.AlthoughthepeoplesoftheAndeanhighlandsparticipatedinsuchnetworks,theyreliedprimarilyonthemaintenanceofau
5、tonomousproductionforcesinasmanyecologicalzonesaspossible.Thecommoditiesproducedinthesezoneswereextracted,processed,andtransportedentirelybymembersofasinglegroup.Thisstrategyofdirectaccesstoamaximumnumberofecologicalzonesbyasinglegroupiscalledverticaleconomy.Eventoday,onecanseeAnde
6、ancommunitiesmaintaininguserightssimultaneouslytopasturelandsabove12,000feet,topotatofieldsinbasinsover9,000feet,andtoplotsofwarm-landcropsinregionsbelow6,000feet.Thisstrategyhastwoprincipalvariations.Thefirstis“compressedverticality,”inwhichasinglevillageresidesinalocationthatperm
7、itseasyaccesstocloselylocatedecologicalzones.Differentcropzonesorpasturelandsarelocatedwithinafewdayswalkoftheparentcommunity.Communitymembersmayresidetemporarilyinoneofthelowerzonestomanagetheextractionofproductsunavailableinthehomeland.Inthesecondvariation,calledthe“verticalarchi
8、pelago,”thevillageexploits
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