采煤概论课后习题答案改

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1．未知第一章2．什么叫地质作用？内、外力地质作用有哪几种作用形式？由地球内部能量引起的地壳物质成分、内部构造、地表形态发生变化的地质作用，它包括地壳运动、岩浆活动、变质作用和地震作用等。它作用在地壳表层，主要是由地球以外的太阳辐射能、日月引力能等引起。按其作用方式可分为：风化和剥蚀、搬运和沉积、固结成岩。3．常见的沉积岩主要有哪几种？矿区常见的几种沉积岩：角砾岩砾岩砂岩粉砂岩泥岩及页岩石灰岩4．简述煤的形成过程？P75．煤的物理和化学性质主要包括几种？常用的煤质指标和工业分类指标各有哪些？1．煤的物理性质光泽、颜色、条痕、硬度、脆度、比重和容重、导电性等。评价煤质的主要指标包括：水分W、灰分A、挥发分V、胶质层厚度Y、发热量Q、硫S和磷P的含量以及含矸率等。我国现行的工业分类，是以炼焦煤为主的分类方案，分类指标主要用挥发分和胶质层的最大厚度y(mm)为指标划分煤的种类，从无烟煤到褐煤分为十大煤种，即无烟煤、烟煤（贫煤、瘦煤、焦煤、肥煤、气煤、弱粘煤、不粘煤、长焰煤）、褐煤2．煤的化学组成：有机质和无机质，主要元素有：碳、氢、氧、氮、硫、磷。5．煤层按厚度可分为哪几类？6．反映煤层赋存状态的指标主要有几种？煤层按厚度和倾角如何分类？1）煤层的厚度薄煤层煤层厚度从最小可采厚度至1.3m中厚煤层煤层厚度1.3m至3.5m厚煤层煤层厚度3.5m以上2）煤层的稳定性稳定煤层、较稳定煤层、不稳定的煤层、极不稳定煤层。3）煤层的倾角缓斜煤层0°～25°倾斜煤层25°～45°急斜煤层45°～90°通常又把8°以下的煤层称为近水平煤层。7．反映煤岩层产状要素是什么？走向倾向倾角8.断层的要素有哪几部分？什么叫正断层、逆断层、平推断层？断层面断层线断盘断距正断层：上盘相对下降下盘相对上升逆断层：上盘相对上升下盘相对下降平推断层：断层两盘沿水平方向相对移动9.煤田地质勘探的任务是什么？煤田地质勘探划分为哪几个阶段？煤田地质勘探有哪几种方法？了解矿井资源/储量、井田地质条件、煤层赋存条件、水文地质条件、开采技术条件、煤种煤质等矿井的资源条件。煤田地质勘探工作划分为煤田普查、矿区详查和井田精查三个阶段依次进行。煤田地质勘探方法。地质测量法探掘工程法钻探工程法地球物理勘探法10.矿井储量是如何分类的？cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 矿井储量分为：矿井地质资源量、矿井工业储量、矿井设计储量、矿井设计可采储量。影响煤层的主要构造：单斜构造，褶曲构造，断裂构造第二章1．地质图件中采用什么表示方向？什么是等高线？各种地形在等高线图上有什么特点？等高线是地面上高程相同的若干点联接而成的曲线，或者说是水平面与地表面相截的交线。将高程不同的等高线投影到平面上，则得到等高线图。等高线具有下列特点：（1）等高线是连续的闭合曲线，如果不在图内闭合，就一定要在图外闭合。所有等高线在一般情况下，不能相交或重合。（2）等高线上任一点向相邻等高线可以作很多线段，投影到水平面后，其中最短的一条线段称为最大倾斜线。等高线与最大倾斜线成直交。（3）等高线稠密表示陡坡，等高线稀疏表示缓坡，等高线间距均匀表示坡度一致。1．褶曲构造煤层底板平整，倾角均匀，走向稳定时，煤层底板等高线表现为间距大致相等的一组直线。煤层走向发生变化时，表现为煤层底板等高线弯曲。煤层倾角的变化则表现为煤层底板等高线的水平距离发生变化。等高线平距越大，则煤层倾角越平缓，等高线的平距越小，则煤层倾角就越陡，如图2-12所示。煤层褶曲表现为煤层底板等高线发生弯曲，若等高线凸出方向，是标高升高方向则褶曲为向斜，若等高线凸出方向是标高降低方向，褶曲为背斜，如图2-13所示。煤层底板等高线为封闭曲线时，等高线标高由边缘向中央逐渐增加则为穹隆构造，相反标高逐渐降低则为盆地构造，如图2-14。煤层发生翻转的褶曲通常叫做倒转，倒转部分又称反山，这时煤层的底板等高线表现为标高顺序错乱，等高线出现交叉，如图2-15所示。补充：褶曲构造（向斜和背斜）的三点判别法2．试述根据等高线图作地形剖面图的步骤？P253．3.如何根据煤层底板等高线确定煤层产状？4．各类地质构造在煤层底板等高线图上有什么特征？5．煤矿常用的地质图件主要有那些？一、地质地形图二、煤系综合柱状图三、煤岩对比图四、地质剖面图五、水平地质切面图6．简述读图的基本方法。1）看图名。不论什么地质图首先应该看图名。图名可以说明地质图件所在地区及图纸的种类，从而对图纸能反映些什么地质现象有清楚的概念。进而看图纸的比例尺，了解图纸上尺寸与实际尺寸的关系及图纸反映的地质现象的精度。2）判明方位。一般图纸常用箭头指示北方。如果图上没有标明方向，则图纸上的经纬线应是上北下南，左西右东。3）看图例。图例是表示地形、地物以及各种地质和构造现象的符号，是地质图件中不可缺少的部分。不知道图例就无法看懂地质图件。煤矿常用的地物、地质构造等图例如表2-1所示。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 4）分析图中的内容。在了解对地质地形图上的上述情况后，还应该了解地区地层系统，建立起该地区地层系统概念，而后看地形等高线，了解图区内的地形特征，并结合地质剖面图分析区内的地质构造特征。第三章1．什么叫井田开拓？在一个井田范围内，主要巷道的总体布置及其有关参数的确定叫井田开拓2．煤田划分井田时应注意哪些问题？1．井田范围、储量、煤层赋存及开采条件要与矿井生产能力相适应2．保证井田有合理的尺寸3．充分利用自然等条件划分井田4．合理规划矿井开采范围，处理好相邻矿井之间的关系3．如何合理确定矿井生产能力？矿井生产能力矿井设计生产能力（万t/a）即：设计中规定矿井在单位时间（年或日）内采出的煤炭和其它矿产品的数量。矿井核定生产能力：矿井经过技术改造，核定后的生产能力，万t/a。井型：根据矿井设计生产能力不同，我国将矿井分为大、中、小三种类型，称井型。井型划分如下：井型生产能力（万t/a）大型矿井：120、150、180、240、300、400、500及500以上（其中300万t/a及其以上又称特大型矿井）中型矿井：45、60、90。小型矿井：9、15、21、30。4．井田再划分方式有哪几种？如何划分？一、井田划分阶段在井田范围内，沿煤层倾斜方向，按一定标高把煤层划分为若干个平行于走向的长条部分，每个长条部分具有独立的生产系统，称之为一个阶段。二、井田划分为盘区当井田内煤层倾角很小，接近水平时，由于煤层沿倾斜方向高差很小，没有必要再按标高划分阶段。这时，可沿煤层主要延展方向布置主要大巷，将井田分为两翼，然后以大巷为轴将两翼分成若干适宜开采的块段，每个块段叫一个盘区。每个盘区通过盘区石门与主要大巷相连构成相对独立的生产系统井田分区域划分随着开采技术的发展和煤层埋深的增加，矿井开采强度越来越大，出现了许多特大型、巨大型矿井。国外已出现了年产量超过千万t的矿井。这些矿井井田范围广阔，可达上百平方公里，煤层沿走向长可达数十公里。这就势必造成井下运输距离、通风线路、管线敷设过长，给生产和管理带来困难。为此，有的矿井采用了分区域开采的办法，就是将整个井田划分成若干个区域，每个区域相当于一个小井田，进一步划分成阶段、盘区等。每个区域开凿辅助提升井和风井为本区域服务。在井田中央开凿集中提升井为整个井田服务四、阶段内再划分1．分区式2．分带式布置3．分段式4．整阶段布置cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 5．什么叫采区？采区具有哪些特点？在阶段范围内，沿走向把阶段划分为若干具有独立生产系统的块段，每一块段称为采区。采区特点：采区的倾斜长度与阶段斜长相等。采区的走向长度一般由500~2000m不等，采区的斜长一般为600~1000m。6．什么叫区段运输平巷？什么叫区段回风平巷？7．什么叫单水平开拓？什么叫多水平开拓？单水平开拓（井田内只设1个开采水平）；多水平开拓（井田内设2个及2个以上开采水平）8．巷道如何按空间特征和用途进行分类？分哪几类？按空间位置和形状可分为：1. 垂直巷道－立井、暗立井、溜井2．倾斜巷道－斜井、暗斜井、上山、下山3．水平巷道－平硐、石门、煤门、平巷按重要性可按下边的分类标准9．什么是开拓巷道？什么是准备巷道？开拓巷道为全矿井、一个开采水平或阶段服务的巷道，如井筒、井底车场、阶段（或水平）运输大巷和回风大巷等。准备巷道为整个采区服务的巷道，如采区上（下）山、采区上下车场、采区石门等。回采巷道为工作面采煤直接服务的巷道，如区段上、下平巷和开切眼等。10．在确定矿井生产能力和服务年限时，为什么要考虑储量备用系数？未知11．什么叫井田开拓方式？在一定的井田地质，开采技术条件下，矿井开拓巷道可能有多种布置方式，开拓巷道的方式统称为开拓方法。12．在解决开拓问题时，应遵循什么原则？（1）贯彻执行国家有关煤炭工业的技术政策，为早出煤、出好煤、高产高效创造条件。在保证生产可靠和安全的条件下减少开拓工程量；尤其是初期建设工程量，节约基建投资，加快矿井建设。（2）合理集中开拓部署，简化生产系统，避免生产分散，做到合理集中生产。(3）合理开发国家资源，减少煤炭损失。(4）必须贯彻执行煤矿安全生产的有关规定。要建立完善的通风、运输、供电系统，创造良好的生产条件，减少巷道维护量，使主要巷道保持良好状态。（5）要适应当前国家的技术水平和设备供应情况，并为采用新技术、新工艺、发展采煤机械化、综合机械化、自动化创造条件。（6）根据用户需要，应照顾到不同煤质、煤种的煤层分别开采，以及其他有益矿物的综合开采。二、井田境界的划分方法（一）垂直划分：相邻矿井以某一垂直面为界，沿境界线各留井田边界煤柱，称为垂直划分。（二）水平划分：以一定标高的水平面为界，即以一定标高的煤层底板等高线为界，并沿该煤层底板等高线留置边界煤柱。（三）按煤组划分（四）以自然边界（如断层等）划分cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 第四章1．片盘斜井开拓的优点、缺点和适用条件是优点：片盘斜井开拓，巷道布置和生产系统简单，井巷施工技术也不复杂，而且初期工程量小，出煤快。缺点：不能多阶段同时生产，同采工作面最多为两个，矿井生产能力受到限制。另外，延深工作频繁，生产和掘进之间相互影响较大。工作面整阶段连续推进，对地质条件变化适应性差。使用条件：就现有的生产经验，采用片盘斜井开拓时，井田走向不宜大于1.5kkm，井田倾斜长度，一级提升时不宜大于800m，两级提升时不宜大于1.5km。并且尽可能采用一级提升。2．斜井单水平分区式开拓的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？斜井单水平上下山开拓，开采水平少，减少了初期工程量和投资，阶段分采区布置，对地质条件适应性差，可多采取同时生产，多工作面同时生生产，生产能力大。此外，由于只有一个开采水平，不存在水平接替问题，矿井生产稳定。因此，在开采缓倾斜煤层瓦斯含量低，涌水量较少时，如果井田倾斜长度满足要求，应优先考虑用此种开拓方式。3．立井开拓的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？4．简述平硐开拓有几种方式，说明其布置特点及适用条件？走向平硐一般沿煤层走向开掘在地板岩石中。适合煤层不厚，眉之间应，服务年限不长，走向平硐近似于立井和斜井开拓中的阶段运输大巷。从走向平硐掘石门进入每个采区。走向平硐工程量少，投资省，出煤快，但只能单翼开采，限制了矿井生产能力。垂直平硐先从地面垂直煤层走向掘平硐到达煤层或煤层底板，然后沿煤层或地板岩石向井田两侧掘运输大巷，并准备采区。垂直平硐和斜交平硐初期工程量大，投资多，出煤慢，但可以两翼开采，矿井生产能力大。阶梯平硐当地形高差焦大，主平硐以上煤层垂高过大时，可以把其把其分为几个阶段，分别用不同标高的平硐开拓，称为采用平硐开拓的关键条件是工业场地标高以上要有足够的储量可供较长时间开采。此外，在选择平硐洞口时要考虑一下因素：硐口地势平缓，有足够的面积布置工业场地硐口交通要便利，以利于煤炭外和设备，材料和运输硐口要安全，不受洪水，划破，雪崩等威胁。5．什么叫综合开拓？通常有哪几种综合开拓方式？通常情况下，一个矿井的主副井都是同一种井硐形势。有时因某些条件的限制，采用同种井硐形式会带来技术上的困难，或者影响矿井的经济效益，此时主，副井可采用不同的井硐形式，称为根据井硐的三种基本形式，组合后理论上有六种综合开拓方式，即立井—斜井、斜井—立井、平硐—立井、立井—平硐、平硐—斜井和斜井—平硐开拓方式。第五章1．井筒的位置及数目如何确定？选择井筒位置应从地面因素、地下因素和技术经济因素等三方面进行论证和比较。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 一、地面因素的影响1）能充分利用地形，使地面生产系统和工业场地布置合理，尽可能减少地面工业场地的土石方工程量。2）地面工业场地应尽可能少占或不占良田，特别是不要占用高效农田。3）井口标高应高于当地历史最高洪水位，并具有良好的泄、排洪条件，免受洪水危胁。4）井口所在地工程地质条件要好，要避免滑坡、崩坍、地表沉陷的影响。5）距林区较近时，应给井口留有足够的防火距离，免受森林火灾的影响。6）要充分考虑各种人为因素。特别是地方煤矿和乡镇、个体煤矿，要充分注意地面场地、交通等引发的各种矛盾，如井口占地的归属、矸石排放方式等。二、地下因素1）井硐穿过的岩层应有良好的地质条件，尽可能避免穿越流沙层、强含水层和地质破坏剧烈带等不利于井硐掘进和维护的地带。2）井硐落底位置应能保证各水平井底车场巷道和硐室处于坚硬、完整的岩层中，保持井底车场良好的维护条件。3）井硐应避免老窑采区及其垮落岩层的影响。4）井硐应尽可能布置在薄煤带或不受采动影响的井田边界之外，以减少工业场地煤柱损失。5）井硐位置应保证井硐延深时，不受底板强含水层水患威胁。三、技术经济因素1）井硐落底位置应尽可能使井下运输、提升等生产环节简单。2）井硐落底位置应尽可能使开拓工程量小，建井快，出煤早。3）井硐落底位置应尽可能降低煤炭运输费等运营费用并使矿井生产易于管理。井硐落底位置在以上原则下，应优先考虑有利于第一开采水平，并兼顾其它水平。在条件许可时，井筒落底最好靠近第一水平运输大巷。井硐落底沿井田走向的合理位置，一般在井田储量沿走向分布的中央，这样可以形成比较均衡的双翼井田，煤在井下沿走向的平均运输距离最短、运输工作量最小、运费最省。矿井两翼开采，其生产、通风均衡，通风费用低。一般地，一个矿井至少应有一主一副两个井硐，主井担负煤炭提升，副井担负辅助提升任务。1．运输大巷的布置方式有哪几种？各有什么优缺点？分层运输大巷、集中运输大巷和分组集中运输大巷三种分层运输大巷可以沿煤层掘进，也可以在煤层底板中开掘。在煤层中开掘施工容易。掘进速度快，成巷费用低，并有助于进一步探明煤层赋存状况，补充地质资料，这对勘探程度较差，地质构造复杂的矿井有重要意义。集中运输大巷的特点是：减少了大巷的掘进量和维护量，增加了联系各煤层的采区石门，有利于采区巷道联合布置，实现合理集中生产。当采用岩石集中大巷时，大巷的弯道可以减少，生产期间维护条件好，可以充分发挥机车的运输能力，有利于运输工作机械化和自动化。同时，可以不留大巷煤柱，有利于提高煤炭回收率。但是，这种布置方式。建井初期需要在掘进阶段石门、运输大巷和采区石门以后才能进行上部煤层的准备与回采，因而建井期较长。另一方面，当煤层间距很大时，采区石门的长度大，采区石门的总工程量可能很大，以致造成技术上经济上不合理。因此，这种方式适用于煤层数目较多，煤层间距不大的矿井。分组集中运输大巷当井田内各煤层的层间有大有小用一条集中运输大巷服务于全部煤层在技术经济上都不合理时，可以各煤层的间距及煤层特点将煤层分为若干煤组，每一煤组布置一条运输大巷担负本煤组的运输任务，称为分组集中大巷。分组大巷以采区石门联系本煤组各煤层。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 1．什么叫井底车场？井底车场有哪几种形式？井底车场是井硐与井下主要巷道连接处的一组巷道和硐室的总称。它担负着矿井煤矸、物料、设备、人员的转运，又为矿井的通风、排水、供电服务，是连结井下运输和井筒提升的枢纽。井底车场均可分为环行式和折返式两大类。环形井底车场的特点是重列车在车场内总是单向运行。因而调车工作简单，可以达到较大的通过能力。但车场的开拓工程量较大。按照井底车场空、重车线与运输大巷或主要石门的相对位置关系，环形车场又可分为卧式、斜式和立式三种。折返式车场的特点是空、重车在车场内有折返运行。根据车场两端是否可以进出车，折返式车场又可分为梭式和尽头式两种。折返式车场的巷道开拓量小，巷道交岔点和弯道少，行车安全。但由于巷道断面大，需要布置在比较坚硬的岩石中，否则维护困难。4．井底车场内的主要硐室有哪些？各具有什么用途？685．矿井开拓延深方案有哪几种？各有什么优缺点？69矿井延深方案的选择1）主、副井直接延深2）采用暗立井或暗斜井延深3）新开一个井筒，延深一个井筒第六章1岩石分级的目的是什么？举出两种常用的岩石分级方法，并说明其特点？井巷掘进是煤矿生产一项经常而重要的工作。不论开掘何种井巷，其主要工作都是破岩和支护。破岩和支护的主要对象是各种不同的岩石，其物理力学性质各异。因而，了解岩石的性质，对于合理的确定破岩方法和支护方式，选用适当的凿岩机械、爆破器材和掘进机械，以及正确确定工作定额，具有重要的意义。普氏岩石分级法2．炮眼的种类和作用？掏槽眼：首先爆炸的炮眼，其作用在于增加自由面。辅助眼：在掏槽眼的外围，除崩落岩石外，还能扩大所掏的槽，提高周边眼的爆破效果。周边眼：靠近巷道的周边，其作用在于使巷道获得一定的形状和规格。3矿用炸药的种类和特点？1．硝甘炸药硝甘炸药的优点是爆炸力强，并具有良好的抗水性，所以特别适用于爆破含水较多的坚硬岩石或矿石。例如多在开凿水量较大的井筒时使用。硝甘炸药的缺点是敏感性很强，受到撞击或摩擦就可能引起爆炸。而且还易于冻结、失效和出现汗渍。2．硝铵炸药硝铵炸药是我国煤矿中广泛采用的炸药。它的主要成分是硝酸铵(NH4NO3)，此外，还含有三硝基甲苯(T．N．T．)、锯末及炭粉等。适用于有瓦斯和煤尘爆炸危险矿井中的硝铵炸药称为安全炸药。在爆炸时它产生短而温度较低的火焰，可避免引起瓦斯或煤尘爆炸。4简述钻眼爆破常用的起爆器材及其工作原理起爆器材就是供给炸药能量使其爆炸的器材。起爆器材在煤矿中包括导爆索、雷管及发爆器。1．导爆索导爆索(又称导爆线)是用来传递爆炸波，并直接引爆炸药的。但它本身需要雷管引爆。2．雷管雷管是用来起爆炸药和导爆索的。它是最常用的起爆器材。雷管呈圆柱形，管壳用纸、铜和铝制成，内盛起爆炸药，直径为6～8mm，长约40～50mm。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 国产毫秒延期电雷管各段的微差时间从25ms到300ms，最大延期可达2000ms。段数可达20段。发爆器发爆器是电雷管起爆的电源，目前我国矿山中普遍得到推广使用的是电容式发爆器。根据是否防爆，发爆器可分为防爆型及非防爆型两种。在有瓦斯或煤尘爆炸危险的矿井中，必须使用防爆型发爆器。5什么是毫秒爆破？其爆破效果有何特点？毫秒爆破利用毫秒雷管或其它设备控制放炮的顺序，使每段之间只有几十毫秒的间隔，叫做毫秒爆破或微差爆破。6分析光面爆破的机理？未知第七章巷道支护1．什么是巷道围岩压力，其影响因素有哪些？地下岩体在开挖以前，由于自重和构造所引起的应力是处于平衡状态。当开掘巷道或进行回采工作时，破坏了原来的应力平衡状态，就会引起岩体内部应力的重新分布。表现为巷硐周围煤、岩体产生移动、变形甚至破坏，直到煤、岩体内部形成一个新的应力平衡状态为止。在此过程中，巷道本身或安设在其中的支护物会受到各种力的作用。这种由于在地下煤岩中进行采掘活动而在井巷、硐室及回采工作面周围煤、岩体中和其中的支护物上所引起的力，就叫做“矿山压力”。影响围岩压力的因素很多，通常可分为地质、开采和支护等类，影响围岩压力的地质因素有：原岩应力状态、围岩力学性质及岩体结构等。2．简述巷道矿压控制的途经和方法？巷道矿压控制的三类方法及途径：第一类：巷道保护第二类：巷道支护第三类：巷道维护（维修）目前所采用的各种矿压控制方法，从其对付矿压的原理来看不外“抗压”、“让压”、“躲压”、“移压”等几种。3．简述金属支架的类型及使用条件？8587①矿用工字钢刚性支架②微拱形刚性金属支架③矿用工字钢梯形可缩性支架④U型钢拱形可缩性支架⑤U型钢梯形可缩性支架4．简述喷射混凝土支护的特点？喷射混凝土支护是用喷射机将混凝土混合物喷射在岩石表面上硬化而成的一种支护。先将砂、石过筛，按配合比和水泥一同送入搅拌机内搅拌，然后用矿车将拌合料运送至工作面，经上料机装入以压缩空气为动力的喷射机，在经输料管吹送到喷头处与水混合后喷射在岩面上。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 5．什么是锚杆支护，从锚固方式、锚固长度方面锚杆支护如何分类？未知6．试分析如何提高锚杆的延伸率？第八章水平及倾斜巷道掘进1.巷道断面形状如何确定？我国煤矿巷道常用的断面形状是梯形、矩形和直墙拱形（如半圆拱形、圆弧拱形、三心拱形，简称拱形），只是在特定的岩层和围岩压力条件下才选用不规则的形状（半梯形）、圆形、椭圆形、封闭拱性等。2.简述巷道断面尺寸确定的步骤和方法巷道断面尺寸的确定方法和步骤如下：1.巷道净宽度；2.巷道净高度；3.巷道净断面；4.风速校核净断面；5.巷道设计掘进断面积。3.煤巷掘进与岩巷掘进相比在炮眼布置上有何特点？工作面炮眼布置掘进工作面的炮眼，按其用途和位置可分为掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼三类。其起爆顺序依次为掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼。掏槽眼的作用时首先在工作面上将某一部分岩石破碎并抛出，在一个自由面的基础上蹦出第二个自由面来，为其它炮眼的爆破创造条件。按掏槽眼的方向可将掏槽眼的布置方式分为三类：即斜眼掏槽、直眼掏槽和混合式掏槽。4.什么是半煤岩巷道？沿煤层掘进的巷道，如果在掘进断面中，煤层占4/5以上者（包括4/5在内），称为煤巷。在巷道掘进断面上既有煤层，又有岩层。当岩层（包括夹石层）占掘进工作面面积的1/5～4/5时，即称半煤岩巷道。5.半煤岩巷道炮眼布置、施工组织有何特点？炮眼布置特点由于煤层较软，所以掏槽眼一般布置在煤层部分，图8-22为某矿半煤岩巷道工作面炮眼布置一例。半煤岩巷道的施工组织有两种形式。一是煤、岩不分，全断面掘进；这种方式组织简单，能加快掘进速度，但这种组织形式所出的煤灰份很高，煤的损失也很大。显然这种施工组织用在厚度小于0.5m、煤质不佳的半煤岩巷道较为合适。另一种为分掘分运的组织形式，即先掘运煤，然后在掘运岩石。这种方式保证了煤的质量，但工作组织复杂，影响了掘进速度。未知6.上山掘进与下山掘进相比，在炮眼布置、通风、装岩及提升运输、支护等方面有何特点？上山和下山是采区巷道中的倾斜巷道。自开采水平向上倾斜的巷道称为上山，向下倾斜的巷道成为下山。7.硐室的施工方法有几种，各有何特点？(一)全断面一次掘进法这种施工方法类似于巷道的一次成巷施工。由于断面大，可以采用大型机械设备。(二)台阶工作面施工法正台阶工作面施工法，其上分层工作面超前施工，故亦称为下行分层施工法；倒台阶工作面则称为上行分层施工法。(三)导硐施工法导硐施工法即将整个硐室断面，分为若干小断面进行顺序施工。并可分为顶部导硐施工法、上下导硐施工法及两侧导硐施工法。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 硐室施工具有以下特点：硐室的长度一般较小，断面较大且多变化，故使用大型联合掘进机械难于施展，多数硐室内有设备基础、预留管缆沟槽以及安起重梁等项施工；一个硐室与其他硐室或巷道相连，要注意施工的安全；硐室的出入口一般较小，材料供应、出矸与通风，排水均较困难。4.交叉点的类型有几种，在施工过程中有何特点？交岔点按其结构可分为牛鼻子交岔点和穿尖交岔点；穿尖交岔点的优点是长度短、拱部低，故工程量较小，施工较简单，通风阻力也较小；但是它的承载能力较低，故多应用在岩层坚固稳定，最大宽度不超过5m，且巷道转角大于45°的情况下。第9章立井开凿1立井断面形状和断面尺寸如何确定？立井井筒断面分纵断面与横断面。纵断面中有井颈、井身、井底三个部分。横断面形状有圆形、矩形和椭圆形等。横断面的形状根据井筒的用途、服务年限、井筒穿过岩层的性质及所用的支护材料确定。立井多采用圆形断面，这是因为煤矿井筒所通过的地层多数不够稳定，而圆形断面既便于施工又易于维护，还可承受较大的地压。地压小、服务年限不超过15a的小型矿井，有时采用矩形和多角形断面。椭圆形断面一般在改建、扩建旧的矩形断面小井时应用。立井撕面尺寸的大小决定于井筒的用途、设备和所需要通过的风量。为便于采用标准设计，我国煤矿立井净直径按0.5m进级，净直径6.5m以上特殊布置的井筒或小煤窑井筒不在此限。井筒断面布置方式大致有图9-2中的几种。图9-2井筒断面布置方式1－箕斗；2—罐笼；3—梯子间；4—管路电缆间；5—罐道梁；6—罐道；7—钢丝绳罐道；8—防坠钢绳2立井普通施工法在施工阶段需设置什么设施，并简述其功能？立井在正常施工阶段，要安装专用凿井井架，并自上而下设置下述供施工用的设施，凿井井架是专门用于开凿立井而设立的井架，多为装配式金属凿井井架天轮平台井筒内的设备和管路一般均用钢丝绳绕经天轮平台上的天轮由地面稳车悬吊，管路每隔一定距离用专用管卡固定在悬吊钢丝绳上。卸矸台矸石吊桶提至卸矸台上方卸矸，使矸石沿倾斜溜槽装入自翻矿车或汽车，运至排矸地点。封口盘又称井盖，设在井颈上端，用作升降人员、设备、下放材料和拆装各种管路的工作平台。同时，又是保护井上、下工作人员的安全结构物，要求坚固严密。固定盘为了安全，在封口盘下4～8m处还应设置一道固定盘，用梯子和井口相连。吊盘吊盘是进行井筒永久支护施工的工作盘，为金属结构，用一根或两根钢丝绳悬吊在地面稳车上。为使其稳定不翻盘，可做成双层，间距3～4m，根据需要可以升降。稳车稳车设于地面，用于悬吊吊盘、吊泵和各种管路等设备和拉紧稳绳。3简述立井基岩施工的步骤？(一)钻眼爆破工作(二)立井掘进的装岩、提升和排水cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, (一)立井掘进基岩施工作业方式(二)施工组织4试分析立井支护的常用形式及特点？未知5常用的特殊凿井方法有几种，述其特点？简一、板桩法板桩法是在土层开挖前，预先将板桩沿井筒周边外缘密集的打入土中，然后在它的保护下进行掘进。二、沉井法沉井法就是在土层开挖前，把预制好的永久井壁，按井筒位置沉入土中，然后在它的保护下进行掘进。这种方法可节省临时支护，所通过的土层可比板桩法厚些。三、注浆法注浆法是将胶结材料配制成浆液注入地层的裂隙或空洞中去，浆液凝结硬化后堵塞孔隙，裂隙或溶洞，从而达到封闭水源或加固地层的目的。南非的注浆深度已达1500m。根据注浆地点不同分为地面预注浆和工作面预注浆混凝土帷幕凿井法是在井筒位置的周围用机械分段钻成槽孔，并钻入基岩一定深度(3～5m)，钻孔时用泥浆护孔，每钻出一小孔就在泥浆中自下而上灌注混凝土，最后使各槽孔的混凝土互相紧密的衔接起来，形成一个圆筒状混凝土帷幕。这时开挖井筒，外部水砂被截不致流入井内掘进工作面，从而使井筒顺利通过含水的松散不稳定地层。。冻结法实质是为了防止大量涌水和流沙流向井筒掘进工作面，在井筒开掘之前预先在井筒外围由地表钻一圈冻结孔，孔距为1.0～1.2m，孔径为200—250mm，孔深应穿过风化带进入不透水的稳定基岩10m以上。在冻结孔内安装底端封闭的冻结管，并送入由地面冻结站制成的—20℃～—25℃的盐水，盐水在冻结管中循环并吸收周围土层的热量，使土冻成一个个圆柱，并逐渐扩大交圈而互相连接成一个密闭而坚固的圆筒，然后在这个冻土圆筒的保护下进行井筒掘砌。六、钻井法是利用回转式钻机，将井筒全断面一次钻成或者是分次扩孔钻成，依靠井内充满的泥浆护壁，利用泥浆循环冲洗工作面和提升岩屑，井筒钻成后在泥浆中悬浮下沉井壁进行永久支护。它是一种全面机械化施工方法，我国淮北某矿曾创月进57.46m的好成绩。钻井法有钻进、洗井、下沉井避和壁后注浆固井几个主要工艺过程。6简述钻井法凿井的主要工艺过程。钻井法有钻进、洗井、下沉井避和壁后注浆固井几个主要工艺过程。7常用的立井井筒延伸方案有几种，并简述各自的施工特点。1自上而下延伸井筒(一)利用辅助水平延深井筒这种方法使用较多，它是由生产水平通过暗斜(立)井到达所需延深的井筒之下，建立延深辅助水平，开凿一些为延深井筒服务的巷道和硐室，然后在此水平上进行井筒延深工作。这种方法对生产影响小，可独立延深主井或副井井筒。徐州局权台矿用此法延深了主、副井井筒。(二)利用延深间延深井筒若矿井设计时已考虑井筒延深问题而留有延深间，或者井筒内梯子间断面较大时，可以采用2由下向上延深井筒cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 这个方案有普通反井延深和吊罐反井延深等，其使用条件是新水平必须事先开拓出部分车场巷道，并以石门或平巷通达井筒中心。一普通反井延伸井筒二吊罐反井施工法第10章准备方式1．什么叫双翼采区？什么叫单翼采区？根据采区内准备巷道特点、服务范围、开采煤层数目的不同，通常把采区分为：上山采区与下山采区，单翼采区与双翼采区，单层布置采区与联合布置采区等不同类型。在运输大巷的上侧布置采区巷道，采区内采出的煤下运至运输大巷的采区，称为上山采区。在运输大巷的下侧布置采区巷道，采区内采出的煤上运至运输大巷的采区，称为下山采区。一般多采用上山采区。将采区上山布置在采区的中央向两翼前进回采或由两翼边界后退回采的采区，称为双翼采区，如采区上山布置在采区的一侧边界附近，向另一侧前进回采或由边界向上山后退回采的采区，称单翼采区2．上山采区式准备方式的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？3．这种采取准备方式巷道布置简单，准备新采区时间段，但是采区生产能力小，服务年限短，巷道掘进率高，因此，一般只有在井田只有单一层煤或层区间距很大，开采解放层，煤质差别大要求分运或受其他条件限制时，才采用此法。3．条带准备方式的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？条带式准备方式的采煤工作面可以按单工作面布置，也可以成对的按对拉工作面布置。由于工作面沿煤层走向呈水平状布置，工作面输送机效能不受煤炭运输方向的影响，同时工作面风流也不存在上行和下行的问题，通风状况良好。所以条带式准备方式巷道布置简单，巷道掘进和维护费用低，建井工期短，投产快；运输系统简单，占用设备少，运输费用低；采煤工作面长度在整个采煤期间保持不变，为采用综采设备创造了良好的条件；煤炭损失少，回收率高；通风系统简单，通风设备少；对某些地质条件的适应性强。但是，倾斜巷道掘进工程量大，效率低；倾斜巷道长，辅助运输比较困难；当煤层沿倾斜起伏较大时，巷道积水不易解决；而且大巷装车站多。条带式准备方式适用于下列条件：倾角为12°以下的薄及中厚煤层，走向断层不发育，沼气涌出量和涌水量不大的煤层4．分层平巷布置有哪几种类型？各有什么优缺点？倾斜式、水平式、重叠式和混合式。倾斜式布置：内错式与外错式这种方式的各分层平巷是按25°~35°角成倾斜式布置，一般适合于倾斜角小于15°~20°的煤层。内错式布置就是下分层巷道位于上分层巷道的内侧，位于上分层采空区下面。外错式布置下分层巷道位于上分层巷道的外侧，位于分层煤柱下面。2．水平式布置当煤层倾角大于20°时，通常采用水平式布置，如图4—7所示。3．重叠式（垂直式）布置各分层平巷沿铅垂线呈重叠式布置，5．采区上山条数如何确定？上山条数的确定在一般情况下，采区布置两条上（下）山（一条运输上山、一条轨道上山），就能满足采取运输、通风和行人的需要。随着生产的发展，常常需要增加上山数目6．如何确定合理的采区走向长度？cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 一般情况下，双面采区的走向长度为800m~1000m，对于综采工作面，有条件的应尽量跨越上山（下山或石门）回采，其采区走向长度一般为1000m~1500m，当不能跨越上山（下山或石门）回采时，其采区走向长度一般为1500m~3000m，对于底板松软、巷道维护困难、地质构造复杂或自然发火期短的煤层，以及装备水平低的小矿，采区走向长度可适当缩短。7．什么是采区生产能力？如何合理地确定？采区生产能力是采区内采煤工作面和掘进工作面产量之和，依单位时间内所生产的煤量计算，一般以采区日产量（t/日）或年产量（万t/年）表示。加大采区生产能力，实现采区集中，机械化生产，是煤炭工业发展的方向，但是在确定采区生产能力时，要根据具体条件，作具体分析。一般情况下，采区生产能力是根据采煤工作面的产量和个数来决定的。8．什么是采区车场？有几种类型？采区车场是采区上（下）山与区段平巷或阶段运输大巷连接处一组巷道和硐室的总称，是采区巷道的组成部分。根据所处的位置，可分为上部、中部和下部车场。9．采区上山的布置方式有哪几种？两条煤层上山一岩一煤上山两条岩石上山两岩一煤上山三条岩石上山10．联合布置上山采区准备方式具有什么特点？其优缺点和适用条件是什么？130第11章矿山压力及其控制1．什么叫矿山压力？在煤层开采之前，岩体处于平衡状态，当煤层开采出来后，形成了地下空间，破坏了岩体的原始状态，引起岩体内应力重新分布，并一直延续到岩体内形成新的平衡为止。在应力重新分布的过程中，使围岩产生变形，移动破坏从而对工作面和巷道及围岩产生压力。通常把这种因围岩移动而产生的压力成为矿山压力。2．什么叫矿山压力显现3．在矿山压力作用下，出现了如冒顶，底鼓煤岩片帮支架破坏煤和瓦斯突出等破坏现象，通常把这些现象成为矿山压力现象或矿山压力显现。3．直接顶如何分类？分哪几类？根据我国岩层的实际情况，一般把直接顶分为三类：一类直接顶（不稳定）——回采时不及时支护，很易造成局部冒顶，如页岩、煤皮、再生顶板等；二类直接顶（中等稳定）——顶板虽有裂隙，但仍比较完整，如砂质页岩；三类直接顶（稳定）——顶板允许悬露较大面积而不垮落，直接顶完整，如砂岩或坚硬的砂质页岩。4．基本顶如何分级？分哪几级？本顶（老顶）分类尚无统一规定，现根据基本顶对工作面的压力（初次和周期来压）及初次来压的步距，把老顶分为四类介绍如下：Ⅰ类基本顶——初次和周期来压不明显，来压时缓和无冲击。来压的大小相当于或小于6～8倍采高的顶板岩层重量。初次来压步距大于25m。Ⅱ类基本顶——初次和周期来压很明显，来压的大小相当于8～12倍采高的顶板岩层重量。初次来压步距大于25m～50m。Ⅲ类基本顶——初次和周期来压强烈，来压的大小相当于12～14倍采高的顶板岩层重量。初次来压步距大于25m～50m。Ⅳ类基本顶——cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 平时顶板无压力，采空区悬露面积达几千甚至上万m2不垮落，初次和周期来压时，顶板垮落常形成狂风、巨响。初次来压步距大于50m，甚至可达100m～150m。这种顶板多为极坚硬的厚砂岩或砾岩。3．解释最大、最小控顶距，放顶步距的概念。控顶距是指工作面支架支护的空间宽度。掘进一个循环进尺，支护后，紧靠工作面的永久支护距工作面煤壁的距离为最小控顶距。掘进一个循环进尺，支护前，紧靠工作面的永久支护距工作面煤壁的距离为最大控顶距。放顶步距相邻两次放顶的间隔距离。4．什么叫支承压力？工作面周围支承压力是如何分布的？由于“压力拱”的存在，切割眼处于减压状态。随着工作面推进，切割眼扩大了，“压力拱”破坏而消失，在工作面前方的煤体中，同样产生支承压力带，在工作面后方，当采空区充填物压实到一定程度后，也产生支承压力带。前后两个支承压力带，随工作面推进而移动，即移动支撑压力。在采煤工作面上下两端的区段煤柱内，也由于采煤和掘进区段平巷而形成支承压力，它的分布特征和工作面前方的支承压力基本相同。当采煤工作面推进较长距离后，区段煤柱内的支承压力，可随顶板垮落而逐渐消失。7什么是工作面基本顶初次来压？什么是基本顶周期来压？当工作面从切割眼向前推进，顶板悬露面积随之扩大，直接顶垮落充填采空区，基本顶仍完整地支承在两帮煤壁上，形成双支板梁构件。当板梁垮度随着工作面推进增大到一定的范围，由于基本顶的自重和上覆岩层的作用下，使基本顶断裂垮落。这时，工作面已不再处于基本顶掩护之下，顶板迅速下沉而破碎，通常把基本顶第一次大面积垮落称为初次垮落。由于基本顶初次垮落，使工作面压力增大，当工作面推进到一定的距离，基本顶悬臂在自重和上覆岩层的作用下，又会产生断裂垮落，这时同样会给工作面带来增压现象。当工作面再继续推进，这部分垮落的基本顶被甩入采空区，工作面又处于基本顶悬梁掩护之下，恢复到前述的状态。继工作面的推进，基本顶的垮落与工作面增压现象重复出现。这种垮落与来压随工作面推进而周期性的出现，称为基本顶周期垮落和周期来压8采空区上覆岩层沿竖直方向如何划分？各具有什么特点？在工作面推进过程中，采空区不断扩大，上覆岩层移动下沉而破坏，根据破坏的特征，上覆岩层沿竖直方向自下而上可分为三带：冒落带、裂隙带、弯曲下沉带。在这三带中，冒落带和裂隙带直接关系到工作面的顶板管理，弯曲下沉带对工作面没有多大影响。一）冒落带易冒落的直接顶，不规则垮落，碎胀的岩块将填满采空区，形成冒落带，支撑老顶。当松软岩层很厚时，冒落的高度可视为直接顶的厚度。当直接顶厚度不大，冒落的岩块填不满采空区，老顶悬空，这种情况下，老顶也二）裂隙带位于冒落带之上的老顶岩层，总是一端支承在煤壁上，另一端支承在采空区的碎石充填堆上。在上覆岩层的压力作用下，冒落的岩块逐渐压实。因此，上覆岩层也随之逐步弯曲下沉，成段拆断或产生许多裂隙，但不冒落仍整齐排列，形成裂隙带。其厚度根据实测一般为采高（煤层厚度）的7～17倍左右。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 将发生部分垮落，使工作面压力增加。三)弯曲下沉带裂隙带上方直到地表的岩层为弯曲下沉带，这部分岩层不产生裂隙或仅产生极微小的裂隙，并在采空区上方的地面形成一个比开采范围大的空间9液压支架的选型应考虑哪些因素？影响液压支架选型的主要因素是：地质条件（顶板的稳定性、岩性、厚度）；底板的稳定性；煤的厚度（采高）、倾角、地质构造、沼气含量和技术经济条件。10影响单体液压支柱选择的主要因素是什么？未知单体液压支柱适用于倾角小于25°的缓斜或近水平煤层，当采取可靠的安全措施时，可在25～35°的倾斜煤层中使用，也可用煤层底板比较坚硬，抗压强度一般应大于20MPa的非炮采工作面。单体液压支柱应与铰接顶梁配套使用，不能与木顶梁配套使用。顶梁中使用最多的是金属铰接顶梁。顶梁一般利用15kg/m，18kg/m，24kg/m的矿用钢轨制成。第十二章采煤方法1．什么叫采场？什么叫采煤工作面？用来直接大量采取煤炭的场所，称为采场。在采场内进行回采的煤壁，称为采煤工作面2．什么是采煤工作？采煤工作可分为哪几在采场内，为了采取煤炭所进行的一系列工作，称为采煤工作。采煤工作可分为基本工序和辅助工序。破煤装煤运煤支护采空区处理种工序？3.什么是采煤工艺？什么叫采煤方法？按照一定顺序完成各项工作的方法及其配合，称为采煤工艺。在一定时间内，按照一定的顺序完成采煤工作各项工序的过程，称为采煤工艺过程。是采煤工艺与采煤系统在时间上、空间上相互配合的总称。根据不同的矿山地质及技术条件，可有不同的采煤系统与采煤工艺相配合，从而构成多种多样的采煤方法。4．炮采工作面炮眼布置有哪几种方式？一般常用的炮眼布置有以下三种：单排眼，双排眼，三排眼。5．普采工作面采煤机有哪几种割煤方式？6．(1)双向割煤、往返一刀。(2)“8”字形割煤、往返一刀3）单向割煤、往返一刀6．普采工作面的支架有哪几种布置方式？各有什么优缺点？普采工作面支架布置，按梁的排列特点分为齐梁式和错梁式两种（图12—15）。为了行人和工人作业方便，工作面支柱一般排成直线状，三角形排列已很少使用齐梁直线柱布置特点是悬梁端沿煤壁方向相齐，支柱排成直线。根据截深与顶梁长度的关系，又可分梁长等于截深和梁长等于截深的2倍。梁长等于截深时，每割一刀煤沿工作面全部挂梁、支柱，一般全部为正悬臂支架。这种支架形式简单，规格质量容易掌握，放顶线整齐；工序较简单，便于组织和管理，当截深为0.8m和1.0m时，一般都采用这种布置方式。但这种布置方式由于截深大，每架支架都要挂梁和支柱，故割一刀煤需时较长。因此在煤层松软、顶板稳定性差的条件下不宜使用。当顶梁长度是截深二倍时，若全部采用正悬臂支架，则割二刀煤挂一次梁。割第一刀时每架支架打临时柱；割第二刀时，挂梁并将临时支柱改为永久支柱。因割第一刀时挂不上梁，机道控顶距太大，顶板易垮落，加之工人的工作量不均衡，故该方式使用较少。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 错梁直线柱布置的特点是：截深为顶梁长度的一半；正倒悬臂支架相间；每割一刀煤间隔挂梁，顶梁向前交错；割第一刀煤时，支临时支柱，割第二刀煤时，临时支柱改为永久支柱，每割二刀煤工作面增加一排控顶距，该布置方式机道上方顶板悬露窄，支护及时；每割一刀煤挂梁、支柱数量少，工作量均衡；支柱成直线，行人、运料方便；在切顶线支柱不易被埋住，因此为现场多用。但对切顶不利，倒悬梁易损坏。6．综采工作面的采煤机有哪几种进刀方式？各有什么优缺点？1．往返一次割两刀。这种割煤方式也叫“穿梭割煤”，多用于煤层赋存稳定，倾角较缓的综采面，工作面为端部进刀。2．往返一次割一刀，即单向割煤，工作面中间或端部进刀。该方式适用于顶板稳定性差的综采面；煤层倾角大，不能自上而下移架，或输送机易下滑，只能自下而上推移的综采面；采高大而滚筒直径小，采煤机不能一次采全高的综采面；采煤机装煤效果差，需单独牵引装煤行程的综采面；割煤时产生煤尘多，降尘效果差，移架工不能在采煤机的回风平巷一端工作的综采面。8．综采工作面液压支架有几种移架方式？各适用什么条件？我国采用较多的移架方式有三种：①单架依次顺序式，又称单架连续式，支架沿采煤机牵引方向依次前移，移动步距等于截深，支架移成一条直线，该方式操作简单，容易保证规格质量，能适应不稳定顶板，应用较多；②分组间隔交错式；③成组整体依次顺序式。9．放顶煤采煤法可分为哪几类？（二）预采中分层放顶煤采煤法四）分段放顶煤采煤法（一）顶采顶分层放顶煤采煤法三）整层开采放顶煤采煤法10.放顶煤采煤法的优点、适用条件是什么?1．优点（1）在工作面采高不大的情况下，可大大增加一次开采的厚度，用于特厚煤层的开采。（2）简化巷道布置，减少巷道掘进工作量。（3）提高采煤工效。（4）降低吨煤生产费用。2．适用条件放顶煤采煤法适用于煤层厚度5m～20m或更厚的煤层；煤层倾角由缓斜到倾斜或急倾斜厚煤层；煤质比较松软易冒落，冒落块度不大；顶板容易垮落。3．应注意的问题（1）应采取措施提高煤炭采出率。（2）防止煤的自燃和瓦斯爆炸事故的发生。（3）继续完善控制顶煤下放的技术措施。第十三章急倾斜煤层采煤方法 1．急倾斜煤层开采有哪些特点？1．由于煤层倾角大，落在底板上的煤岩块，会自动向下滑落，从而简化了采场内的装运工作。为了防止滑落的煤块冲倒支架，砸伤人员，在技术上必须采取相应的安全措施。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 2．急倾斜煤层中，煤炭、矸石沿倾斜方向可采用自溜运输，在采区中可开掘采区溜煤眼以代替缓倾斜煤层中的运输上山。由于煤层倾角大，沿走向留设的煤柱容易片帮塌落，使得在采空区上方布置的煤层平巷维护困难。因此，阶段平巷一般均布置在底板岩石或底板不可采的煤层中，通过采区石门与煤层进行联系。采煤工作面皆由采区边界向采区石门（或采区溜煤眼）方向推进。3开采急倾斜煤层，多采用立井多水平开拓方式。由于受到技术上的限制，其水平垂高一般为100m~150m。4．开采两个相距较近的急倾斜煤层，上层开采后，由于底板岩层移动，会使下层煤遭受破坏。因此，应合理安排上、下煤层的开采顺序。2．什么是倒台阶采煤法？倒台阶采煤法采区巷道布置如图7—1所示，工作面沿倾斜方向呈倒台阶布置，目的在于充分利用工作面长度，使工人在各个台阶阶檐的保护下，多点同时作业。3倒台阶采煤法的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？倒台阶采煤法的优点是：巷道系统简单，掘进率底，采出率高，通风方便。但是，这种采煤方法具有生产工艺复杂，工作面支护和顶板管理工作量大，操作不便，以及坑木消耗大，安全条件差，工作面难以实现机械化等缺点。4．什么是正台阶采煤法？在急斜煤层的阶段或区段内沿倾斜或伪斜方向布置正台阶形工作面而沿走向推进的采煤方法。现将沿伪斜方向布置正台阶工作面的正台阶采煤法又称伪斜短壁采煤法或斜台阶采煤法。5．正台阶采煤法的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？优点是：工作面位于采空区下方，不会积聚瓦斯，为采空区抽放瓦斯创造了条件；工作面浮煤少，采出率高，减少了采空区自然发火的隐患；对煤层厚度和倾角多变化、瓦斯含量大等地质条件适应性较强；巷道布置简单、掘进率低。缺点是：短壁工作面多，溜煤相互干扰，工作面利用率低；伪斜小巷断面小，煤尘大；落煤方法、支护设备有待改进；片帮滑底事故仍未能完全杜绝。这种采煤方法可用于煤厚、倾角有变化或有小构造、厚度在2.4m以下，不宜使用伪斜柔性掩护支架采煤法的急斜煤层。6．伪倾斜柔性掩护支架采煤法的特点是什么？特点：采煤工作面成直线形，按伪倾斜方向布置，沿走向推进；用柔性掩护支架隔离采空区与回采空间，工作人员在掩护支架的保护下进行采煤工作。7．伪倾斜柔性掩护支架采煤法的采煤工作分哪几个阶段？这种采煤法的回采工作，大致可分为三个阶段：即准备回采、正常回采和收尾工作。1．准备回采主要是在回风平巷内安装掩护支架，并逐步下放成为伪倾斜工作面，为正常回采做准备。2．正常回采在正常回采过程中，除了在掩护支架下回采外，同时要在回风平巷中扩巷、挖地沟，加长掩护支架，以及在工作面下端的顺槽中拆除支架。在支架下采煤，目前主要用打眼放炮3．收尾工作当工作面推进到区段停采线附近时，在停采线靠工作面一侧掘进两条收尾上山眼，然后加大工作面上部的下放步距，缩小工作面下部的进尺，同时逐渐缩小工作面长度和伪倾斜角度，直至变成水平状态（见图7—10）。最后将支架全部拆除8．柔性掩护支架的结构由哪些部分组柔性掩护支架主要由钢梁及钢丝组成。钢丝绳沿走向布置，钢梁沿煤层厚度布置。钢梁与钢绳进行联结。在钢梁上部铺设双层荆笆，用作隔离采空区矸石和折架子时的人工假顶。这种架子结构，其有柔性切便于控制和回收。成？9．什么是水平分层采煤法？cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 在急斜特厚煤层中，水平分段放顶煤采煤法类似于水平分层采煤法，其差别是按一定高度划分为分段，在分段底部采用水平分层采煤法的落煤方法（机采或炮采），分段上部的煤炭由采场后方放出运走。这样，各段依次自上而下使用放顶煤采煤工艺进行回采。10．水平分层采煤法的优点、缺点和适用条件是什么？水平分层、斜切分层采煤法的主要优点是对煤层地质条件适应性强，能适应煤层倾角和厚度的变化，回采率较高。这种采煤法的主要缺点是：巷道布置和通风系统复杂，巷道掘进量大，回采工序多，通风运料困难，工作面劳动强度大，特别是水平分层工作面，人工攉煤繁重。由于这些缺点，这种采煤方法的产量、效率较底，材料消耗较多。第十四章 矿井通风1．矿井通风的任务是什么？1）提供井下足够的新鲜空气，以供人员呼吸；2）把井下的及稀释和排除井下有毒、有害气体和矿尘；3）创造良好的矿井工作环境，保证井下有适合的气候条件（及适宜的温度、湿度与风速），以利于工人劳动和机器运转。2．矿井空气中的主要成分与地面空气的主要成分有什么不同？地面空气进入矿井以后即称为矿井空气。一般地说，地面空气的成分是固定的，它主要由氧、氮、二氧化碳三种气体组成，按体积的百分比数计为：氧—20.96%；氮—79%；二氧化碳—0.04%。《煤矿安全规程》规定：采掘工作面的进风流中，氧气浓度不得低于20%；采掘工作面的进风流中，二氧化碳浓度不得超过0.5%，总回风流中二氧化碳浓度不得超过0.75%。当采掘工作面风流中二氧化碳浓度超过1.5%，或采区、采掘工作面回风道风流中二氧化碳浓度超过1.5%时，必须停工处理。3.矿内空气为什么会在井巷中流动？降低矿井通风阻力的措施主要有哪些？由于A、B两点压力大小不相等，因而在A、B两点之间就存在压力差，由于这种压力差是由矿井通风机或自然因素造成的，故压力差又叫通风压力。它是用来克服巷道通风阻力并使风流按照规定的风速流动的动力，其数值可以通过计算或仪器测定得到。1）减小井巷摩擦阻力系数。对于服务年限长的主要井巷，应尽量采用巷道周壁表面光滑的支护方式，对于棚式支护，应尽量架设整齐，必要时背好帮顶等，。2）保证有足够大的井巷断面。特别是主要进、回风流巷道断面扩大对降低风阻效果明显。3）尽量缩短通风路线长度。因为巷道的摩擦阻力与巷道长度呈正比，因此应尽量缩短风路的长度。4）避免巷道内风量过于集中。巷道摩擦阻力与风量的平方成正比，若巷道内风量过于集中，摩擦阻力会大大增加。因此，应尽可能使矿井的总进风早分开，使矿井的总回风晚汇合。5）降低局部阻力。应尽量避免巷道急拐弯，避免巷道断面突然扩大、突然缩小，尽量避免在主要巷道内任意停放车辆、堆积木材、器材等。4.自然通风的原理是什么？按其服务范围机械通风可分为哪三种？使空气获得能量，产生自然风压，使其沿井巷流动，这种自然力主要是由地面温度的变化，使矿井风侧和回风侧空气温度发生差异而引起的。1）主要通风机（简称主扇），主要用于全矿井或矿井的一翼（部分）；2）辅助通风机（简称辅扇），主要服务于矿井网络的某一分支（如采区或工作面），以帮助主要通风机供风以保证该分支的风量；cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 3）局部通风机（简称局扇），主要用于独头掘进的井巷等局部地区通风。矿用通风机按其构造又可分为离心式通风机和轴流式通风机两类。5．什么叫矿井通风系统？未知6．矿井主要通风机的工作方式有哪几种？矿井主要通风机的工作方式主要有抽出式通风和压入式通风两种。1）抽出式2）压入式通风3）抽出和压入混合式通风7．矿井通风方式有哪几种？各有什么有缺点？按照矿井进风井和回风井相互位置关系，可把矿井通风方式分为三种基本类型：1）中央式，又可分为中央并列式和中央分列式两种。2）对角式，又可分为两翼对角式和分区对角式两种。3）混合式，混合式是中央式和对角式或中央并列式和中央分列式所组成的一种综合形式，它是老矿井进行深部开采时常采用的通风方式。优点：（1）矿井总回风巷可以随采区接替逐步开掘，因而建井工期短，总回风巷的维护费用低；（2）回风井筒数目少，同时运转的风机台数少，容易管理；（3）当进风井口及井底车场附近发生火灾需要反风时，容易实现。缺点：（1）随着向边界采区开采，总回风巷不断延长，通风线路随之加长，因而通风阻力不断增加；（2）矿井生产期间，由于井下巷道阻力不断增加，阻力变动范围大，难以保证通风机在高效率状态下运转；（3）矿井总进风和总回风风流反向平行流动，容易发生漏风；（4）在矿井生产的中后期，多采区同时生产时矿井通风系统关联性太强，系统独立性差，系统防灾抗灾能力差。8矿井配风的原则、方法和依据是什么？1）配风原则和方法：根据实际需要，“由里向外”配风，即首先确定井下各用风地点(如采掘工作面、硐室、火药库等)所需的风量，然后逆风流方向加上各风路中允许的漏风量，求得各风路上的风量和矿井的总进风量；根据求得的矿井总进风量再加上空气体积膨胀的风量(这项风量约为总进风量的5％)即得矿井总回风量。2）配风的依据(1)氧气含量的规定；(2)瓦斯、—氧化碳等有害气体安全浓度的规定；(3)风流速度的规定；(4)空气温度的规定，(5)空气中悬浮粉尘安全浓度的规定。9.生产矿井总进风量如何计算？生产矿井总进风量是指井下各工作地点的需风量和各条风路中损失风量的总和。根据《规程》规定，矿井需要的风量(Q)应按下列要求分别计算，并选取其中的最大值。）按井下同时工作的最多人数计算矿井总需风量：Q=4×N×K　m3/min式中：N——井下同时工作的最多人数K——矿井通风系数；一般取1.20～1.252）按采煤、掘进、硐室及其它地点实际需要风量的总和计算：cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, Q矿进=（∑Q采+∑Q掘+∑Q硐+∑Q其它）×K矿通　　m3/min式中：∑Q采——采煤工作面实际需要风量的总和，m3/min；∑Q掘——掘进工作面实际需要风量的总和，m3/min；∑Q硐——硐室实际需要风量的总和，m3/min；∑Q其它——矿井除了采煤、掘进和硐室地点外的其它井巷需要进行通风的风量总和，m3/min。9.什么是采区通风系统，主要有哪几种方式？所谓采区通风系统是指风流进入采区，沿采区巷道清洗工作面后排出采区的整个风流流动路线。在准备采区时，必须在采区内构成通风系统以后方可开掘其它巷道。采煤工作面必须在构成全风压通风以后，方可回采。采区内一般布置三条上山，一条为运输上山，一条为轨道上山，一条专用回风上山。瓦斯涌出量小的小煤矿可布置两条上山。11.采煤工作面的通风系统有哪几种形式？各有什么优缺点及适应条件？12.掘进工作面局部通风机通风的通风方式主要有哪几种？各有什么优缺点？由采煤工作面及其进、回风巷道所构成的通风路线叫采煤工作面通风系统。采煤工作面的通风系统可有多种形式，如“U”型、“Y”型、“W”型和“H”型等通风系统。1）“U”型通风系统：这种通风系统最为简单，采用最广泛。但它的缺点是，采煤工作面的采空区一侧的上隅角容易积聚瓦斯。2）“Y”型通风系统：这种通风系统对解决回风流瓦斯浓度过高或上隅角积存瓦斯具有良好效果。但要求工作面的上顺槽沿采空区一翼全长预先掘出，且在回采期内要始终维护。3）“W”型通风系统：这种通风系统适用于瓦斯涌出量大、工作面较长的综采工作面，当开采煤层的瓦斯涌出量特别大时，还可在中间平巷中布置钻孔抽放瓦斯，但这种通风系统中有半个工作面是下行通风．对有煤与瓦斯突出的采煤工作面严禁采用。4）还有“Z”型通风系统13.矿井通风构筑物主要有哪些？各起什么作用？一、风门在人员和车辆需要通行，而不能让风流通过的巷道中，需要设置通风构筑物，这种既要切断风流又能保证行人通车的通风构筑物称为风门。二、风墙风墙（又称密闭）是用来切断风流或封闭采空区，防止瓦斯向巷道扩散的一种构筑物。风墙按服务年限不同可分为临时性风墙和永久性风墙两类。临时性风墙由于服务年限短，可用木板、可塑性等材料修筑；永久性风墙要用不燃性材料（如砖、料石或水泥等）修筑。三、风桥在进风巷道与回风流平面交叉处，为防止风流短路，使进回风分离，需要设置通风构筑物，这种用于隔开两条互相交叉的进、回风流的构筑物称为风桥。四、井口封闭装置在安设扇风机的井筒内，空气压力与大气压力之间存在较大压力差，为防止井内风流和地面大气短路，其井口必须有封闭装置，以使井口和地面大气隔开。对于通风、提升共用的井筒，应将整个井楼密闭起来。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 出风斜井井口一般都要安设风门，以便把地面与井下空气隔离，同时对扇风机起到防爆安全作用。五、风量调节图14-20图15-2015-115-215-115-2第十五章 矿井瓦斯与矿尘1．矿井瓦斯是如何生成的?瓦斯的主要成分是什么？瓦斯的主要性质有哪些?瓦斯是在煤的生成和煤的变质过程中伴生的气体。在成煤的过程中生成的瓦斯是古代植物在堆积成煤的初期，纤维素和有机质经厌氧菌的作用分解而成。另外，在高温、高压的环境下中，在成煤的瓦斯是无色、无味、无臭的气体，但有时可以闻到类似苹果的香味，这是出于芳香族的碳氢气体同瓦斯同时涌出的缘故。瓦斯对空气的相对密度是0.544，在标准状态下瓦斯的密度为0.716kg/m3。助燃也不能维持呼吸，瓦斯在空气中达到一定浓度时，遇火能燃烧或爆炸。在煤矿的采掘过程中，当条件合适时，会发生瓦斯突出（喷出），产生严重的破坏作用同时，由于物理和化学作用，可继续生成瓦斯。2．瓦斯在煤体中存在的状态可分为哪两类？瓦斯在煤体中存在的状态可分为两类：即游离状态和吸着状态。3.瓦斯含量和瓦斯涌出量的区别？瓦斯涌出量如何计算？煤层瓦斯含量是指单位质量或单位体积的煤体，在一定压力和温度下所含的瓦斯数量(即游离瓦斯和吸着瓦斯的总和)，用m3／瓦斯的涌出形式（1）普通涌出：瓦斯从煤层或岩层表面非常细微的缝隙中缓慢、均匀而持久地涌出。这种涌出的方式涌出的面积大、时间长，是瓦斯涌出的主要形式。（2）特殊涌出：特殊涌出又可以分为瓦斯喷出和煤(岩)与瓦斯突出两种。t或m3／m3表示。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 1）矿井绝对瓦斯涌出量：指矿井在一定时间或单位时间内所涌出的瓦斯数量，通常用m3／d或m3／min来表示。即：3.矿井瓦斯等级如何划分？根据《规程》规定，一个矿井只要有一个煤（岩）层发现瓦斯，该矿井即为瓦斯矿井。矿井瓦斯等级，根据矿井相对瓦斯涌出量、绝对瓦斯涌出量和瓦斯涌出形式划分为：（1）低瓦斯矿井：矿井相对瓦斯涌出量小于或等于10m3/t且矿井绝对瓦斯涌出量小于或等于40m3/min。（2）高瓦斯矿井：矿井相对瓦斯涌出量大于10m3/t或矿井绝对瓦斯涌出量大于40m3/min。煤（岩）和瓦斯（二氧化碳）突出矿井5．瓦斯爆炸的条件及其影响因素是什么？瓦斯爆炸的三个充分必要条件：瓦斯浓度、引火温度和氧的浓度。当瓦斯浓度低于爆炸下限时，遇高温火源并不爆炸，但能在火焰外围形成稳定的燃烧层。当瓦斯浓度高于爆炸上限时，失去其爆炸性，但在空气中遇火仍会燃烧。在正常空气中瓦斯浓度为9.5%时，其爆炸威力最大。当瓦斯浓度为7%～8%时最容易爆炸。瓦斯的引火温度受瓦斯浓度、火源性质及混合气体的压力等因素而变化，一般认为，瓦斯的引火温度为650～750℃，最低点燃能量为0.28Mj。当混合气体在压力增高时，引燃温度即降低。在引火温度相同时，火源面积越大、点火时间越长，越易引燃瓦斯。3、氧的浓度在煤矿井下巷道及采场等一般氧浓度均满足瓦斯爆炸条件（氧浓度＞12%）。井下含瓦斯的混合气体中氧的浓度降低时，瓦斯爆炸界限随之提高。当氧的浓度低于12%时，混合气体即失去爆炸性6.预防瓦斯爆炸的措施主要有哪些?1、防止瓦斯积聚的措施1）加强通风2）及时处理局部聚集的瓦斯3）加强瓦斯监测检测cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 2、防止瓦斯引燃措施1）在井口和井口房内，禁止使用明火。2）在瓦斯矿井，要使用防爆型或安全火花型电器设备，对其防爆性能要经常检查，不符合要求的要及时更换。3）严格执行放炮制度。4）严格管理火区，防止密闭墙漏风，并定期测定火区温度。7.煤与瓦斯突出的特点是什么？预防煤与瓦斯突出的措施有哪些?一）煤与瓦斯突出的特点（1）煤与瓦斯突出多发生在地质构造附近，如断层、褶曲、扭转等；（2）高应力集中区，如巷道的上隅角、受煤柱集中应力影响的位置等；（3）突出次数、强度随煤厚（特别是软分层厚度）、倾角等增大二危险性增大；（4）突出与采掘的工序有关，且多发生在放炮和落煤时或其后；（5）突出与煤层的瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力之间没有固定关系。1、区域性措施区域性措施是指使大范围煤层消除突出危险性的措施，主要有开采解放层和预抽煤层瓦斯两种。2、局部性防突措施1）钻孔排放瓦斯，钻孔排放瓦斯是石门揭煤时的一种措施，即用石门开拓有煤与瓦斯突出的煤层时，从掘进工作面距煤层10m以外，开始向煤层打钻，使煤层中的瓦斯从钻孔中自然排放出来，降低瓦斯压力，达到预防突出的目的，钻孔超前掘进工作面的距离不得小于5m。2）放震动炮，放震动炮也是石门揭煤的一种措施。3）水力冲孔，水力冲孔是在安全岩柱（或煤柱）的保护下向煤层打钻孔，用压力水通过钻杆冲击煤体，边钻边冲，使煤、瓦斯和水一起从钻杆也孔壁这间流出，从而将煤与瓦斯突出的能量“化整为零”地逐步释放出来。预防煤与瓦斯突出的措施，还有采用大直径超前钻孔、煤层高压注水及开卸压槽卸压等方法8瓦斯抽放方法有哪几种?抽放办法有：本煤层抽放、邻近导抽放、采空区抽放及地面定向钻孔抽放等。9.矿尘的主要危害有哪些?煤尘的爆炸及其预防措施主要有哪些? 煤矿矿尘，就其危害和数量而言，主要是煤尘和岩尘。其生成量，以采掘工作面最高，其次为运输过程中的各转载点。矿尘危害的主要表现为：（1）污染工作场所，危害人体健康，引起职业病。（2）燃烧或爆炸（3）加速机械设备的磨损，缩短仪器设备的使用寿命煤尘爆炸性可以分为有爆炸危险性及无爆炸危险性两种，需经过煤尘爆炸试验来确定。一般来讲，无烟煤的煤尘没有爆炸危险性。但煤尘无论有无爆炸危险，对人体健康都是有害的，因此，在矿井生产过程中应当采取必要的防尘措施。防止煤尘爆炸的措施分为降尘措施、防止引燃措施、隔爆措施三类。第十六章 矿井火灾防治1．何为矿井火灾？矿井火灾主要分哪两类？发生火灾的条件是什么？发生在矿井内的火灾统称为矿井火灾。发生在井口附近的地面火灾能直接影响井下生产、威胁矿工安全的火灾亦称为矿井火灾。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 1）发生火灾的条件火灾发生必须同时具备：存在可燃物、引发燃烧的热源、充足氧气的供给3个方面的条件。这3个要素只有同时具备才能形成一场火灾，2）矿井火灾的分类按引火原因可分为内因（自燃）火灾和外因火灾两类。2煤炭自燃的影响因素主要有哪些？自燃火灾如何预防？自燃物在一定的外部（适量的通风供养）条件下，自身的物理化学变化，产生并积聚热量，使其温度升高，达到自燃点而形成的火灾称之为内因火灾。煤矿中自燃物主要是具有自燃倾向性的煤炭。三、自燃火灾的预防1）合理的开拓开采系统、采煤方法及通风系统2）预防性灌浆3）阻化剂防火4）均压防灭火5）惰性气体防灭火3.矿井外因火灾的预防措施主要有哪几种？外因火灾的预防主要应采取“预防为主，消防结合”的方针，把防火放在首位。防火措施主要有：技术措施、教育措施和管理措施等三种。1、技术措施主要有：（1）防止起火，确定发火危险区，加强对明火和高温火源的管理与控制，防止火源产生；消除燃烧的物质基础；防止火源与可燃物接触；安装可靠的保护设施，防止潜在热源转化为显热源。（2）防止火灾扩大。2、教育措施包括知识、技术和态度教育三个方面。3、管理措施主要是制定各种规程、规范和标准，且强制执行。4．矿内火灾的灭火方法主要有哪几种？ 矿内灭火方法有：直接灭火法、隔绝灭火法和联合灭火法。一、直接灭火法矿内火灾特别是外因火灾初起时，通常是局部的，燃烧也较缓慢。因此，可根据火源的性质采用水、砂子、化学灭火器（泡沫灭火器、干轮灭火器等）、高倍数泡沫灭火装置以及挖除火源等方法直接扑灭火源。二、隔绝灭火法矿内火灾用直接灭火法不能扑灭时，应迅速在通往火区的所有巷道内建筑防火墙（密闭墙）进行封闭，使火源与外界空气隔绝，当火区内氧气耗尽，火灾即自行熄灭。常见的防火墙有砖和料石砌筑。此外，还有高水材料、泡沫塑料快速密闭灭火方法等。三、联合灭火法实践证明，单独使用防火墙封闭火区，熄灭火灾所需要的时间很长，造成一定时期的回采煤炭呆滞、影响生产，如果密闭质量不高，漏风较大，达不到灭火的目的。通常在火区封闭后，同时采取一些其他配套措施，加快熄灭火灾，提高灭火速度，这种方法称为联合灭火法。常用的联合灭火法是向封闭的火区灌注泥浆、惰性气体（二氧化碳、炉烟、氮等）以及采用调节风压法等。第十七章 矿井防水与排水 1．井下涌水发生的条件是什么？井下涌水的发生，必须具备矿井水源和涌水通道两个条件，因此一切防水措施都应以消除水源和杜绝涌水通道两方面着手。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 2．矿井水源按其来源分为哪两类？1、地面水地面的江、河、湖、沟、渠、池塘里的积水或季节性的雨水和山洪都叫做地面水。地面水往往可通过井筒、塌陷裂缝、断层裂隙、溶洞和钻孔等直接进入井下造成水灾。2、地下水地下水分为含水层水、断层水及老空水等。（1）含水层水。把矿井下的砾石层、流沙层、石灰岩层等含水比较丰富的岩层称为含水层。若含水层与地面水相连通时，对矿井威胁更大。（2）断层水。由于断层附近的岩石通常较破碎，易于积水，同时，由于断层容易将若干个含水层导通，形成较强的水力通道，因此，把积存与断层附近或通过断层导通涌出的含水层水称为断层水。（3）老空水。井下采空区和废旧井巷里常积有水，称为老空水。老空水一般都在生产区的上部，所以静水压力很大，来势凶猛，且常含有有害气体。因此采掘工作面接近这些地区，必须提高警惕，采取措施，以防止发生井下透水事故。一般来说，上述水源不是孤立存在的，往往是互相沟通，互相补给。3.造成矿井水灾的原因是什么？如何预防？1）井田内的水文地质等资料不清2）井筒位置选择不合3）技术决定不正确理4）麻痹大意，丧失警惕4.矿井透水事故的预兆有哪些？防治矿井透水的措施主要有哪些?1）透水的预兆(1)煤层发潮、发暗。煤层本来是干燥光亮的，由于水的渗入，就变得潮湿发暗了，如果挖去一层还是这样。就说明附近有积水。(2)巷道壁或煤壁“挂汗”。这是由于压力水渗过微小的裂缝和裂缝凝结于岩石或煤层表面造成的现象。看上去就好像煤壁或巷道壁出汗似的。(3)煤壁或巷道空气变冷。煤层含水时，能吸收大量的热，所以用手摸煤壁时感到发凉，巷道的空气也会较正常时低。(4)顶板压力及淋水增大，或底板鼓起并向外渗水。(5)出现压力水流(或叫压力水线)且水质浑浊．这是离水源已经很近的预兆。(6)有水声出现。一种是水受挤压发出的“嘶嘶”声，另一种是空洞泄水声，这些都是离水源很近的危险预兆。(7)有硫化氢、二氧化碳等气体逸出。工作面的有害气体增加。(8)煤壁或巷道壁“挂红”，酸味大．水味发涩，有臭鸡蛋味。这些都属于积木年久，水中溶解许多杂质的原因。含铁能使水变成红色．酸性水发涩，合硫化氢的水有臭鸡蛋味。透水时采取的措施(1)尽快掌握透水事故的地点、水量、已经淹没或可能淹没的巷道．用不同方法尽快通知井下可能受威胁的一切人员撤到安全地点。(2)组织所有力量，采取一切有效措施，迅速抢救遇险人员。(3)加强通风，排除透水带来的有害气体，必要时先通风后组织抢救人员。(4)排水期间，要经常检查有害气体的变化情况，并应时刻警惕再次透水。3）恢复被淹矿井的方法(1)直接排干法。对于水量不大、水泥有限或与其它水源无通道联系的被淹井巷，可以通过增加排水设备，加大排水能力的方法，直接排干被淹井巷。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, (2)先堵后排法。当井下涌水特别大，单纯采用排水方法无法恢复时，则可先进行堵水，截断水源再进行排水。5．矿井排水方式可分为哪两种？矿井排水通常是指将涌入矿井的水流集中起来并排至地面。矿井排水方式可分为自流式和扬升式两种。在地形许可的条件下，利用平硐自流排水是最经济、最可靠的方法。但它受地形条件限制，多数矿井没有这种条件，需要采用扬升式排水。扬升式排水是借助于水泵将水排至地面。扬升排水可分为固定式和移动式两种。井下水泵房一般采用固定式；在平巷掘进时，采用移动水泵，在巷道低洼处开掘水窝将水排除；在掘进竖井和斜井时，把水泵吊在专用钢丝绳上，随掘进工作面前进而移动。第十八章 矿井运输与提升1、试述胶带输送机的类型和特点。(一)胶带输送机的类型1、刚性机架胶带输送机2、挂式胶带输送机3、可伸缩式胶带输送机可伸缩式胶带输送机的特点是机身可以很方便的伸缩，比普通胶带输送机多一个储带装置，可以随输送机缩短而储存50～100m一卷的胶带。当胶带储满时，利用收发胶带装置将胶带成卷取出。它是目前综合机械化采区的顺槽配套设备。4、钢丝绳芯胶带输送机5、钢丝绳胶带输送机6、大倾角带式输送机7、管状带式输送机2、煤矿井下常用的轨道型号有哪几种？井下巷道中铺设的轨道通常是窄轨。两条钢轨轨头内侧的距离叫轨距。根据车辆运行速度、流量及载重量选用不同重量的钢轨和不同尺寸的轨距。我国小型矿井的主要运输巷道用600mm轨距和11～18kg／m的钢轨，大中型矿井的主要运输巷道常用900mm轨距和18～24kg／m的钢轨。3、简述煤矿井下常用的道岔类型及其特点。常用的道岔有单开道岔（DK）、对称道岔（DC）、渡线道岔（DX）三种类别，4、说明煤矿常用矿车的种类和适用条件。轨道运输的矿车分为固定车箱式矿车、V型（或U型）翻斗车、前倾式矿车和底卸式矿车。5、分析说明底卸式矿车的工作原理和卸载过程。6、何为单钩和双钩提升？各有什么特点？7、架线式电机车的使用条件是什么？8、简述矿井提升机的种类和特点。(一)单绳缠绕式矿井提升机单绳缠绕式矿井提升机有单滚筒提升机和双滚筒提升机两类。双滚筒提升机是两根钢丝绳以不同的方向分别缠绕在提升机的两个滚筒上，绳的另一端均挂有提升容器。由于其中一个滚筒与轴固定，称为死滚筒，而另一个滚筒则通过离合器和轴相联接，称为活滚筒。因此，它可以调节两根钢丝绳的长度，适用于双钩提升。提升机运转时，滚筒上的钢丝绳一根缠绕一根放松，使两个容器一个上升，一个下降，从而完成提升重容器，下放空容器的任务。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, (二)多绳摩擦式提升机多绳摩擦式提升机是把钢丝绳搭在滚筒上，电动机带动滚筒旋转时，利用钢丝绳和固定在滚筒上的摩擦衬块之间的摩擦力进行传动，实现升降提升容器。3、罐座和摇台的位置分别在哪里？各有什么作用？ 第十九章 矿井地面生产系统及工业场地1、矿井地面生产系统有哪些内容组成？矿井地面生产系统涉及的内容非常广泛，通常包括地面提升系统、运输系统(动画）、排矸系统、选煤系统和管道线路系统。此外，还有变电所、压风机房、扇风机房、锅炉房、材料仓库、机修厂，坑木加工场及行政福利设施等专用建筑。对于水采矿井，地面还需要设置高压泵房、脱水楼和煤泥沉淀池等。2、影响地面工业场地布置的因素有哪些？1)矿井的开采方法及提升方式不同的井筒型式、开拓方式和采煤方法，都有它相应的生产系统，因而地面建筑物、构筑物的布置和相对位置也有所不同。2)煤的性质及用户对煤质的要求不同的工业用户对煤炭使用有不同的质量标准，必须根据煤的性质、使用对象，考虑地面生产系统的配置。3)矿井的井型及服务年限矿井井型及服务年限，决定着有关建筑物和构筑物的规模与技术质量标准，从而也影响着地面工业场地的面积和布局。4)工业场地的工程、水文地质条件及地形，气候条件矿区的工程地质、水文地质、地形及气候条件对矿井的工业场地平面布置影响很大。5)矿井的发展远景及与邻近企业的关系如果矿井的规模很大，需要采取分期建设时，则工业场地应留有发展的余地，若矿井附近有其它企业存在，则应考虑某些设施共用的可能性。3、地面生产系统可分为哪几种类型？地面生产系统可以分为四种类型。1)无加工设备的地面生产系统2)设有选矸设备的地面生产系统3)设有筛分厂的地面生产系统4)设有洗选厂的地面生产系统4、选择矿井地面工业场地的基本要求是什么？工业场地是围绕井口布置的。在选择工业场地场址时，除了考虑井筒位置外还应符合以下基本要求：1)场地内应有一定的平整地面，以利布置各种地面生产系统和所有建筑物、构筑物。要充分利用地形以缩短和简化物料的运输，并使场内的土石方工程量最少。2)工业场地的位置应便于和标准轨铁路、公路衔接，并使专用的铁路、公路土石方和桥涵工程量最小。3)场址不应选择在受洪水威胁和有内涝的地点。在平原地区，还应考虑场内雨水、污水排出的可能性。4)工程地质条件较好，地下水位较低，同时，应避开滑坡、溶洞、流砂，采空区等不良影响。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 5)选择场址时应考虑供电、给水方便。6)场址附近便于排矸及综合利用。7)与已建成的矿井、或其它企业及居住区毗连时，应考虑充分利用已有设施的可能性5、矿井工业场地建筑物与构筑物主要有哪几类？ 矿井地面要有防火、自来水设备、净水和排水设备，其建筑物有蓄水池、沉淀池，水塔、水泵房等。？第二十章 矿井供电和压风设备1煤矿企业对供电的基本要求是什么？煤矿企业对供电的要求及负荷分类（一）供电可靠（二）供电安全（三）技术经济合理以上几点要求是就整个煤矿供电而言，在煤矿内部各用电户，由于它们各自不同的特点，对上述要求各有不同程度的侧重。按照对供电可靠性的要求，电能用户分为三类；1．一类用户凡突然停电会造成人身伤亡或重大的设备损坏，且难以修复或给国民经济造成重大损失者为一类用户。2．二类用户3．三类用户2、按照对供电可靠性的要求，何为一类用户？凡突然停电会造成人身伤亡或重大的设备损坏，且难以修复或给国民经济造成重大损失者为一类用户。3、煤矿的电压等级分哪几种？下井电压通常是何等级？电能经超高压输电线路送到工矿区以后，由区域变电所降为35kV、10KV或6kV电压向矿井供电。通常把发电机、升降压变电所和各种不同电压等级的输电线路互相连接起来，向用户供电的这个整体叫做电力系统。4、煤矿供电系统由哪几部分组成？煤矿供电系统是由矿内各级变电所的变压器、配电装置、电力线路以及用户，按照一定方式互相连接起来的一个整体。常用的煤矿供电系统是：地面变电所→井下中央变电所→采区变电所(或移动式变电站)→工作面配电点。现在我国煤矿常用的供电系统有深井供电方式和浅井供电方式两大类。1．煤矿地面变电所2．井下中央变电所3．采区变电所4．工作面配电点5、简述井下常用电器设备的类型及其特点。一、井下常用电器设备可以分为下列五种类型：1、矿用一般型(KY)2、矿用安全型(KA)3、矿用隔爆型(KB)4、矿用安全火花型(KH)5、矿用隔爆安全火花型(KBH)cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 6分析矿用变压器的种类和特点，试问“KSJ2－320／6型矿用变压器”表示什么含义？、煤矿常用的几种变压器1．SJ、SJ1、SJ2系列2．KSJ、KSJL系列3．矿用干式变压器7、使用井下移动式压风机需满足哪些条件第二十一章 露天开采 1．露天开采的特点？2露天开采的采场构成要素有哪些，其含义是什么？1.台阶在开采过程中，露天矿往往被划分为若干具有一定高度的水平分层，这种分层被称为“台阶”。台阶要素包括：台阶上部水平面，即上盘、下盘；朝向采空区的倾斜面，即坡面和台阶高度h，台阶坡面角α等。2.露天矿场要素（1）露天开采境界（2）边帮（3）边帮角3.开拓与开采要素出入沟：建立采场与地表运输通道的露天沟道。开段沟：开掘某标高采掘工作面的沟道。开采程序：采场内土岩的剥离和采煤工程，在空间和时间上合理配合的发展顺序。3．简述几种主要穿孔设备，穿孔原理及其特征？穿孔用穿孔机完成，穿孔机有冲击式和回转式两类1、钢绳冲击式钻机2、潜孔钻机3、牙轮钻机4．单斗挖掘机按其工作装置可分为哪几种？正铲的工作规格、工作面及其参数、生产能力如何确定？(一)单斗挖掘机5．单斗挖掘机按其工作装置可分如下几种：正铲、反铲、刨土铲、拉铲和抓斗铲。（如图）1.正铲1)正铲的组成2.液压铲5．露天开采排土场的位置如何确定，常用的排土设备和排土方式有哪些。(一)排土场位置选择位置选择首先应考虑近距离排土，少占或不占农田，尽可能减少对环境的污染。为此，在近水平和缓斜煤层条件下，从开采设计上应尽可能采用采场内采空区排土；在倾斜与急斜煤层条件下，可利用分区开采实现内排，或将剥离物排至已采尽的采空区，这些均为内排土。内排时，采掘工作面和排土工作面间应留一定的安全距离。(二)排土设备及排弃方式1．铁道运输cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 2．汽车运输6．何谓露天矿开采程序？影响开采程序的因素有哪些？露天矿场开采程序系指在露天开采范围内采煤、剥岩的顺序。开采程序的选择与煤岩赋存条件、露天矿场的尺寸和几何形状、工艺类型、开拓方式以及煤产量、质量、投产时间、达产时间等有关。根据煤岩赋存条件和矿场尺寸，可以考虑台阶划分及台阶高度、设备的选型、开拓运输系统及第一个沟位的确定。决定方案时，应拟多个方案从中择优。7．开段沟初始位置是按什么原则确定的？工作帮推进方式有哪几种？8．铁路运输开拓运输系统坑线布置形式，坑线固定性与否的依据是什么？9．何谓露天开采境界，影响开采境界的因素有哪些？露天开采境界系指露天矿场开采终了时形成的空间轮廓。它由矿场的地表境界、底部境界和四周帮坡组成。1、影响露天开采境界的因素(1)自然因素包括煤层埋藏条件，如：赋存状态、厚度、倾角、煤质、围岩岩性、地形地貌、工程和水文地质条件等。(2)技术组织因素包括开采技术水平、装备水平、地面主要建筑物、城市、厂房等。(3)经济因素包括基建投资、基建期和达产时间、煤炭的开采成本及销售价格中煤炭的贫化损失、设备供应情况及国民经济发展水平等。10．露天矿合理开采深度确定的原则是什么？11．何谓平均剥采比、境界剥采比、生产剥采比、经济合理剥采比？1、平均剥采比np露天开采境界内，全部岩石量与采出煤量之比。2、境界剥采比nk当露天开采境界做少量变化（扩大或减少∆h）所引起的岩土量与煤量变化之比值。3、生产剥采比ns露天矿某一生产时期剥离的岩土量与采出煤量之比。4、经济合理剥采比nj指分摊到单位煤量上的最大允许的剥离量，该值为一系列经济因素所决定。主要的计算方法有：（1）露天、地下开采单位煤量成本相等；（2）露天开采法采出煤的成本与其售价相等；12．露天矿生产能力如何计算？露天矿生产总能力应为年采煤和剥离两个量之和，亦即年采剥总量为A=Ap+Av=Ap+nsAp=Ap（1+ns）（21-12）式中Ap——年采煤量，t（m3）/a；Av——年剥岩量，m3（t）／s；ns——生产剥采比，m3（t）/m3（t）。从上式可以看出露天矿的煤岩生产能力A，除受到煤层的生产能力影响外，还受到生产剥采比ns的影响。它还决定着煤炭开采成本、工效、设备数量、人员、投资的多少等。第二十二章 煤炭地下气化1叙述煤炭地下气化的原理和过程。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 煤炭地下气化的原理（如图）。首先从地表沿煤层开掘两条倾斜的巷道1和2，然后在煤层中靠下部用一条水平巷道将两条倾斜巷道连接起来，被巷道所包围的整个煤体，就是将要气化的区域，称之为气化盘区，或称地下发生炉。最初，在水平巷道中用可燃物质将煤引燃，并在该巷形成燃煤工作面。这时从鼓风巷道1吹入空气，在燃烧工作面与煤产生一系列的化学反应后，生成的煤气从另一条倾斜的巷道即排气巷道2排出地面。随着煤层的燃烧，燃烧工作面逐渐向上移动，而工作面下方的采空区被烧剩的煤灰和顶板垮落的岩石所充填，但塌落的顶板岩石通常不会完全堵死通道而仍会保留一个不大的空间供气流通过，只需利用鼓风机的风压就可使气流顺利通过通道。煤炭地下气化原理1——鼓风巷道；2——排气巷道；3——灰渣；4——燃烧工作面；I——氧化带；II——还原带；III，IV——干馏-干燥带2、试分析缓倾斜煤层无井式气化工艺系统的特点。3、如何提高煤炭地下气化的效果和煤气的质量。4、试分析煤炭地下气化的使用条件和发展前景。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping'income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon'thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation,