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1、EnvironmentalAccountingWhereWeAreNow,WhereWeAreHeadingbyJoyE.HechtInterestisgrowinginmodifyingnationalincomeaccountingsystemstopromoteunderstandingofthelinksbetweeneconomyandenvironment.Thefieldofenvironmentalaccountinghasmadegreatstridesinthepasttwodecades,movingfromarather
2、arcaneendeavortoonetestedindozensofcountriesandwellestablishedinafew.Buttheideathatnationsmightintegratetheeconomicroleoftheenvironmentintotheirincomeaccountsisneitheraquicksellnoraquickprocess;ithasbeenunderdiscussionsincethe1960s.Despitethedifficultiesandcontroversiesdescr
3、ibedinthisarticle,however,interestisgrowinginmodifyingnationalincomeaccountingsystemstopromoteunderstandingofthelinksbetweeneconomyandenvironment.WhyChange?Governmentsaroundtheworlddevelopeconomicdatasystemsknownasnationalincomeaccountstocalculatemacroeconomicindicatorssucha
4、sgrossdomesticproduct.Buildinganation’seconomicuseoftheenvironmentintosuchaccountsisaresponsetoseveralperceivedflawsintheSystemofNationalAccounts(SNA),asdefinedbytheUnitedNationsandusedinternationally.OneflawintheSNAoftencitedisthatthecostofenvironmentalprotectioncannotbeide
5、ntified.Consequently,moneyspent,say,toputpollutioncontroldevicesonsmokestacksincreasesGDP,eventhoughtheexpenditureisnoteconomicallyproductive,someargue.Thesecriticscallfordifferentiating“defensive”expendituresfromotherswithintheaccounts.Alsomisleadingisthefactthatsomeenviron
6、mentalgoodsarenotmarketedthoughtheyprovideeconomicvalue.Fuelwoodgatheredinforests,meatandfishgatheredforconsumption,andmedicinalplantsareexamples.Soaredrinkingandirrigationwater,whosesalepricesreflectthecostofdistributionandtreatmentinfrastructure,butnotthewateritself.Whiles
7、omecountriesdoincludesuchgoodsintheirnationalincomeaccounts,nostandardpracticesexistfordoingso.Whennonmarketedgoodsareincludedintheaccounts,theystillcannotbedistinguishedfromthosethataremarketed.Valuingenvironmentalservicessuchasthewatershedprotectionthatforestsaffordandthec
8、ropfertilizationthatinsectsprovideisdifficult.Thoughsomeexpertscallfortheir
