cost managment∶accounting and control 第十九章解答手册

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1、CHAPTER19PRICINGANDPROFITABILITYANALYSISQUESTIONSFORWRITINGANDDISCUSSION4271.Perfectlycompetitivemarketsarecharacterizedbythefollowing:manybuyersandsellers—nooneofwhichislargeenoughtoinfluencethemarket;ahomogeneousproduct(onecompany’sproductisvirtuallyidenticalt

2、oanyothercompany’sproduct);andeasyentryintoandexitfromtheindustry.Commoditymarketsforagriculturalproductssuchaswheat,soybeans,andporkbelliesareclosetoperfectlycompetitive.Similarly,gasstationsinacityfacecompetitiveconditions.Agasstationmaytrytodifferentiateitsel

3、ftomovetoamoremonopolisticallycompetitivesituation.Forexample,itmightoffercarwashes,certaingrocerystaples,orfullservice.2.Themarkuppercentageoncostofgoodssoldisequaltosellingandadministrativeexpenseplusdesiredoperatingincomedividedbycostofgoodssold.Themarkupisno

4、tpureprofitbecauseitincludessellingandadministrativeexpense.3.Targetcostingisamethodofdeterminingthecostofaproductorservicebasedonthepricethatcustomersarewillingtopay.Inessence,targetcostingispricedriven.Oncethetargetpriceisdetermined,thecostiscalculatedbysubtra

5、ctingdesiredprofitfromprice.Theremainderisthetargetcost.4.Penetrationpricingisthepricingofanewproductatalowinitialprice,perhapsevenlowerthancost,tobuildmarketsharequickly.Priceskimmingisapricingstrategyinwhichahigherpriceischargedatthebeginningofaproduct’slifecy

6、cleandthenloweredatlaterphasesofthelifecycle.5.Thereareanumberofpossiblereasons;herearetwo.First,interstatehighwaygaspurchasersareoftentourists.Theydonothavealong-termrelationshipwiththegasstationowner;therefore,thepricechargedmaybehigher.Second,thedriversmaybea

7、bletochooseamongalargernumberofcompetinggasstationsintown.6.Pricediscriminationisthechargingofdifferentpricestodifferentcustomersforessentiallythesamecommodity.Itislegalinsomeinstances.Forexample,ifpricediscriminationisnecessarytomeetcompetitionorisbasedoncostdi

8、fferencesinservingdifferentcustomers,itislegal.7.Firmsmeasureprofitforanumberofreasons.Theseincludedeterminingtheviabilityofthefirm,measuringmanagerialperfor-mance,a