emanuel law outlines -- constitutional law - the geocitiessites伊曼纽尔法律概述——宪法的geocitiessites

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1、[Note:NumbersinbracketsrefertotheprintedpagesoftheEmanuelLawOutlinewherethetopicisdiscussed.]EmanuelLawOutlinesConstitutionalLawChapter1INTRODUCTIONI.THREESTANDARDSOFREVIEWA.Threestandards:Therearethreekeystandardsofreviewwhichreappearconstantlythroughou

2、tConstitutionalLaw.Whenacourtreviewstheconstitutionalityofgovernmentaction,itislikelytobechoosingfromamongoneofthesethreestandardsofreview:(1)themererationalitystandard;(2)thestrictscrutinystandard;and(3)themiddle-levelreviewstandard.[2]1.Mererationality

3、:Ofthethreestandards,theeasiestonetosatisfyisthe"mererationality"standard.Whenthecourtappliesthis"mererationality"standard,thecourtwillupholdthegovernmentalactionsolongastworequirementsaremet:a.Legitimatestateobjective:First,thegovernmentmustbepursuingal

4、egitimategovernmentalobjective.Thisisaverybroadconcept–practicallyanytypeofhealth,safetyor"generalwelfare"goalwillbefoundtobe"legitimate."b.Rationalrelation:Second,therehastobea"minimallyrationalrelation"betweenthemeanschosenbythegovernmentandthestateobj

5、ective.Thisrequirement,too,isextremelyeasytosatisfy:onlyifthegovernmenthasactedinacompletely"arbitraryandirrational"waywillthisrationallinkbetweenmeansandendnotbefound.2.Strictscrutiny:Attheotherendofthespectrum,thestandardthatishardesttosatisfyisthe"str

6、ictscrutiny"standardofreview.Thisstandardwillonlybesatisfiedifthegovernmentalactsatisfiestwoverytoughrequirements:a.Compellingobjective:First,theobjectivebeingpursuedbythegovernmentmustbe"compelling"(notjust"legitimate,"asforthe"mererationality"standard)

7、;andb.Necessarymeans:Second,themeanschosenbythegovernmentmustbe"necessary"toachievethatcompellingend.Inotherwords,the"fit"betweenthemeansandtheendmustbeextremelytight.(It’snotenoughthatthere’sa"rationalrelation"betweenthemeansandtheend,whichisenoughunder

8、the"mererationality"standard.)i.Nolessrestrictivealternatives:Inpractice,thisrequirementthatthemeansbe"necessary"meansthattheremustnotbeanylessrestrictivemeansthatwouldaccomplishthegovernment’sobjectivejustaswell.3.Middle-