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ID:11042472
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时间:2018-07-09
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1、附录A外文翻译原文RoadDesignHistoryofRoadDesignFirstlyletmeapologiseforthispage.ItislargelytextbasedduetothenatureofitandifreadingisdifficultthenIamsorry.Thisisduesolelytothematerialcoveredandistheonlypageintheseries.Thisisnottypicalastheresthavegraphicsorimagestokeepyouamused.Secondlyth
2、ispageisverymuchahistoryofroadbuildingintheUnitedKingdom.ThefirstroadbuildersofanysignificanceinWesternEuropeweretheRomans,whosawtheabilitytomovequicklyasessentialforbothmilitaryandcivilreasons.ItisfromtheRomansthatthetermhighwaycomesasalltheirroadswereelevated1mabovethelocallev
3、eloftheland.Thiswastominimisetheriskofanambush,aswasthebestknowncharacteristicoftheroads,theirlackofcorners.ThestandardssetbytheRomansintermsofdurabilityfarexceededanythingachievedafterthefalloftheempire.TheRomanapproachtoroaddesignisessentiallythesameasthatincurrentuse.Theroads
4、wereconstructedofseveraldifferentlayers,increasinginstrengthfromthebottom.Thelowestlayerwasnormallyarubble,intermediatelayersweremadeoflimeboundconcreteandtheupperlayerwasaflagorlimegroutedstoneslabs.Thethicknessofthelayerswasvariedaccordingtothelocalgroundconditions.Afterthefal
5、loftheRomanEmpiretheroadsystemfellintoastateofdisrepairandbytheendofthemiddleages,therewasineffectnoroadsysteminthecountry.Theonlyroutesavailablewereunpavedtracks,muddyandimpassableinwinteranddustyandimpassableinsummer.Diversionsaroundparticularlypoorstretchesresultedinsinuousal
6、ignments.Thestateoftheroadscombinedwiththegenerallawlessnessatthetimemeantonlythedeterminedorinsanetraveled.Thefirstchangeinthisattitudecamein1555whenanActofParliamentwaspassedimposingadutyonallparishestomaintainit'sroads.AlsoincludedintheActwasthecreationofthepositionofaSurveyo
7、rofHighways.Thiswasunpaidandunderresourcedthoughandwhencombinedwiththelackoftechnicalskillsitisnosurprisethatthepostbecamedistinctlyunpopularandineffective.25Thislackofresourcesmeantthatthefirstmajorroadwasnotestablisheduntilthelatterpartoftheseventeenthcentury.Theseroadswerekno
8、wnasturnpikeroadswheretheroaduserpaidatoll.Thef
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