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1、InternationalizationTrajectoriesofMultinationalEnterprises:1990-2004FabienneFortanierandRobvanTulderApril20071IntroductionResearchonthehowandwhyofinternationalizationMacrolevel:determinantsofFDIMicrolevel:determinantsofmodeofentryFirmlevel:determinants&performanceeffectsofDOIProblemsinexisting
2、researchMoststudiesfocusedon‘one-off’investmentdecisionsCorporatelevelstudieshavefocusedon(static)performanceeffectsVerylittlelongitudinalresearchHence,itremainsremarkablyunclearhow,atthecorporatelevel,firmsexpand(andwithdraw),theirinternationalactivities,overtime.April20072Internationalizatio
3、n:alongitudinalanalysisLongitudinalresearchmayprovideinsightsthatcross-sectionresearchmaynot(Jones/Khanna,2005):Internationalizationprocessiscomplexandnon-linearDe-internationalization(Benito/Welch,1997)Clustering(Maitlandetal.,2005)Paceandrhythm(Vermeulen/Barkema,2002)Internationalizationproc
4、essmayaffectperformanceInternationalizationbyMNEsisakeydriverofglobalization,whichisyetapoorlyunderstoodphenomenon(Rugman/Verbeke,2004)Keychallenge:measurementanddataApril20073Internationalization:definitionandmeasurementMostoftenused:DegreeofInternationalization(DOI)Apparentlysimple,butquitec
5、omplexmeasure,especiallyinlongitudinalanalysesSales(FSTS)Salesbyoriginordestination;Saleseliminationsandintra-firmsalesAssets(FATA)Typeofassetsspecified;Assetsnon-geographicallyspecifiedEmployment(FETE)FTEorpersons;averageoryear-endAllthreemeasuresMergers&Acquisitions;Homeregionversushomecount
6、ryApril20074SampleTop300largestnon-financialfirmsworld-wideandTop50largestnon-financialfirmsforUK,DE,FRandNL(1995)Annualreportdata444entities,followedfrom1990to2004For233outofthese444,datawasavailableforaperiodofatleast10yearsforatleastoneofthethreevariablesNT(max)=3495FSTS:3252(93%,n=231)FATA
7、:2023(58%,n=148)FETE:1593(46%,n=114)April20075MeasuringInternationalization:salesSalesbydestinationvs.salesbyoriginwithintime-seriesCorrectbythedifferencebetweenthemeansofthefourobservationsbeforeandafterthemethodchange28outof231timeser
