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1、英国部分Chapter1Officialname官方名称:TheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.BritishEmpire大英帝国:Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworld’speopleandonefourthoftheworld’slandarea.Howev
2、er,thetwoworldwarsgreatlyweakenedBritain.TheBritishcoloniesbecameindependentoneafteranother.TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthin1931.CommonwealthofNations/theBritishCommonwealth英联邦:It’safreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecol
3、oniesofBritain.Itwasestablishedin1931,replacingtheformerBritishEmpire.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpower.ThedecisiontobecameamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Atpresentthereare50membercountrieswithi
4、ntheCommonwealth.Chapter2Heptarchy七王国:DuringtheAnglo—Saxon’stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameofHeptarchy.AlfredtheGreat亚尔弗雷得大帝:AlfredwastheKingofWessex,whowasstrongenou
5、ghtodefeattheinvadingDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Heestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.HetranslatedbooksfromLatinintoEnglish.WilliamtheConqueror征服者威廉
6、:HewasalsoknownasWilliam,DukeofNormandy.In1066,heinvadedEngland,defeatedandkilledHaroldnearHastingsinSussexandconqueredEngland.HeconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.Sothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishe
7、dinEngland.Chapter3DomesdayBook末日审判书:It’sabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.Itwasoneoftheimportantme
8、asuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishtheful