可再生能源发电及其控制策略概述

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1、可再生能源发电及其控制策略概述1.Introduction1.1GeographicProfileofPakistanPakistanissituatedbetely,Sindh,Balochistan,PunjabandKhyberPakhtoonKhountainrangesoftheHimalayas,theKarakorumandtheHinduKushareintheNorthernpartofPakistan.Punjabprovinceisaflat,mostlyanalluvialplain,ajor

2、riversdominatingtheupperregioneventuallytheIndusRiversfloSindhprovincetotheArabianSea.SindhisboundedontheeastbytheTharDesertandtheRannofKutchandontheinantlyanaridtablelandencircledbydrymountains.Pakistancoastlineisabout1046kmlongextendingfromIndianborderintheea

3、sttotheIranianborderintheillion[2]hasannually0.38tonsofoilequivalents(TOE)ofenergysupplypercapitainparisontotheandisexpectedtogroost37%ofprovedsignificantlybyprovidingevenaminimumamountofelectricity.Pakistansinstalledelectricitygenerationcapacityisabout19,566Ma

4、jorpartoftheimportedfossilfuelisusedtogenerateelectricity.In2009-10,29.4%ofconventionalponaturalgasand37.8%fromoil.Thecountryslimitedindigenousreservesofgasandoil,p;13years,respectively[6]..2.LiteratureRevieostimportantandenergeticresourceamongreneportantadvant

5、agesofsolarenergyisthatelectricitycanbeproducedentdeteriorationatthelocationofconsumption.Theinvestmentinsolarenergyisincreasingthesedaysallovertheent,itisveryimportanttodeterminetherightlocationforsolarenergypoeantochoosealocationatetheperformanceofsolarenergy

6、devicesatanyparticulargeographicallocation,itisveryimportanttohavedetailedknoaldesignandstudyofsolarenergyconversionsystemshighlydependupontheavailabilityofsolarradiationsonthehorizontalsurface.Thesunshineisabundantlyavailablethroughouttheyearandthusthemerciala

7、ndefficientsolarenergyapplicationsseemunavoidable.Thedataofsolarradiationisavailableformanycountriesofanydevelopingcountriesstilldonothavethesedatabecauseofthehighcostofmeasuringdevicesandtechniquesinvolved.Intheabsenceofthesedata,itisessentialtoelaboratemathem

8、aticalmethodsandmodelstoguesstimatesolarradiationsbasedontheclimatologicalparametersandsunpositiongeometry[12].Inordertopredicttheamountofsolarradiationdifferentmodels,using