机床刀具设计-毕业论文外文翻译

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英语原文：DesignOfToolMachinePropResearchsignificanceTheoriginalknifemachinecontrolproceduresaredesignedindividually,notusedtoolmanagementsystem,featuresasinglecomparison,theknifeonlyhastofindthetoolknife,knifepositioningtheshortestpath,axistoolchange,butdoesnotsupportlarge-scaletool.Automaticknifeintheknifeelection,inthecomputermemoryknife-electiononthebasisofusingtheSiemens840Dfeatures,andtheelectionproceduresknifemoreconcise,andcompletethespaceDaotaoView.ATCusethekniferapidcompletionofSTEP-7programming,andhavebeentestedinpractice.Inthepositioningoftheknife,PLCcontrolledmodulardesignmethod,whichfutureproductionofsimilarmachineswillbeverybeneficial,itiseasytouseitsothermachine.Automatictoolchangesystemswillbefastergrowth,reducedtoolchangetime,increasethepositioningaccuracytoolisanimportantmeanstohelpNCtechnologydevelopment.Toolandinventorycomponentsofmodernproductionisanimportantlinkinthemanagement,especiallyforlargeworkshopmanagement.Thetraditionalwayofaccountmanagement,andlowefficiency,higherrorrate,andnotsharinginformationanddata,toolsandtheuseofstatecannottrackthelifecycle,areunabletomeetthecurrentinformationmanagementneeds.Withactualproduction,wehavetoestablishaworkshoptoolforthethree-dimensionaltoolstoragesystemtomeettheknifeworkshopwithauxiliarystorageandmanagementneeds.Thesystemusesoptimizationtechnology,alargenumberofcomputerstorageinventoryinformation,timely,accurate,andcomprehensivetooltoreflecttheinventorysituation.Theentiresystemusesagraphicalinterface,man-machinedialoguetipsfromtheChinesemenu,selectvariousfunctionscanberealizedandtheimportationofallkindsofinformation.Managementsystemusingonlinehelpfunction.Throughtheworkshopmanagement,networkmanagementandsharingofinformation.Haveautomatedinventorymanagement,warehousingmanagementtool,atoolforthemanagementandstatisticalfunctions.1.SystemcomponentsandcontrolstructureTheentiresystem,includingthestructureandelectricalmachinerycontrolsystems.1.1.1MechanicalstructureandworkingprincipleToolfromthestent,drive,drivesystem,Turret,shielding,controlsystem,andelectricalcomponents.Supportfromthecolumn,beam,theupperandlowerguideCentraltrack,andtracksupportcomponent.1)DriveforthesystemchosenVVVFmethod.Coneusedbrakemotors,withVVVFbyCycloid reducerthroughsprocketdrive.2)Dragavariablefrequencydrivesystemandcontroltechnology.VVVFadopted,willspeeddriveshaftinthenormalrangeadjustmenttocontrolthespeedrotaryturretto5~30mmin,thedriveshaftintotwo,twounderthroughsprocket,thetwoprofiledrollersChaindrivenrotatingshelves.Expansionchainadoptedbythethreadtightregulationswelling,swellingtheregularway.-Conditioned,underthesamechain-of-conditioning,sothatthechainofuniform.3)Turretandshieldstheentiretotalof14independentTurret.13ofthemasasocket-Turret,asadrawer-Turret,eachTurretbackthroughthepinand,undertheconveyorchainlinkchainplate,installedatthebottomroller,chaindrivenrotatingturretrotationalongthetrack.Outlet-TurretandBT50-BT40TurretTurrettwokindsofforms.Tostrengthenmanagement,security,landscapingmodeling,shelfperipheralsandshields.Turret-drawerdrawerplacedatsixotherDesVoeuxaknife,canbecategorizedwithsomeofknifeauxiliaryequipment,suchasbits,suchasturningtools.1.1.2.ElectricalControlSystemThistoolstoragesystemsisthemainelectricalcontroltheirshelvesforoperationalcontrolandpositioncontrol.Operationalcontrolequipment,includingoperationofthestartofbrakingcontrol.PositionControlisthemainlocationandaddressoftheshelvesfortesting.ControlsystemasshowninFigure1.图1ToolControlSystemforthe1)ElectricTransmissionhorizontalrotarytoolstoragesystemsarethemechanicalmovementsarerepeatedshort-termworksystem.Andtherun-timesystemneedssomespeed,speedtransmissionneeds,thesystemwilluseVVVFmethodcanbeusedsimplestructure,reliableoperationofthemotorandfrequencyinverter. 2)Controlofthesystemisdividedintotwokindsofmanualcontrolandautomaticcontrol,manualcontrolasageneralreserveanddebuggingmethodsofwork;waystothesystemcontrolcomputer(IPC)andthecontrolunit(invertercontactor,etc.)consistingofacontrolsystem.3)locationandpositioningaccuracyofthesystemautomaticallyidentifythesiteandlocationusingadetectiondeviceasproximityswitches,relaysthroughtheplate-pointisolationandthenumberplaterecordedclosetotheswitchingsignalacquisitionandoperationofHutchisonwithaOptimalPathaddressableidentifythecurrentlocationandshelvesofthepurposeoftheshelflocation.Inordertoenableamoreaccuratepositioningsystem,adoptedtwophotoelectricswitches,todetectthetwoshelvesofthetwofilms.1.2.ThefunctionsoftheknifeknifeTheistheroleofreservesacertainnumberoftools,machinetoolspindleinhandtoachievethefungibilityadisccutterknifeisthetypeoflibrary,thechainknives,andothermeans,intheformoftheknifeandcapacityaccordingtotheMachineTooltodeterminethescopeoftheprocess.1.3.CommontypesTheknifeisatoolstoragedevices,thecommonknifemainlyinthefollowingforms:(1)theturretknifeIncludingthefirstlevelturretverticalturretandthefirsttwo,seeFigure2.6a)andb):(2)thedisccutterDiscknifeinthelibrarywithdiscoidknife,cuttingtoolalongSeehowverticalarrangement(includingradialandaxialfromknifefromknife),alongSeehowradialarrayintoacuteorarrangedintheformoftheknife.Simple,compact,moreapplications,butarering-cutter,lowutilizationofspace.Figure2.7a)toc).Iftheknifestoragecapacitymustbeincreasedtoincreasethediameteroftheknife,thenthemomentofinertiaalsoincreasedcorrespondingly,theelectioncampaignlongknife.Toolnumbernotmorethan32general.Cutterwasmulti-looporderofthespaceutilizationknife,butinevitablygiventheknifefromcomplexinstitutions, applicabletotherestrictedspaceMachineToolstoragecapacityandmoreoccasions.Two-discstructureistwosmallercapacityknifeonbothsidesofthesub-spindleplace,morecompactlayout,thenumberofcertificatescorrespondingincreaseknife,applytosmallandmedium-sizedprocessingcenter.(3)thechainknife Includingsingle-andmulti-ringchainringchain,chainlinkcantakemanyformschange,seeFigure2.8a)toc),thebasicstructureshowninFigure2.8doFeatures:knifeapplytothelargercapacityoftheoccasion,thespaceofthesmallnumberofgenerallyapplicabletothetoolinthe30-120.Onlyincreasethelengthofthechaintoolwillincreasethenumbershouldnotbeincreasedcircumferentialspeedofitsmomentofinertiaoftheknifedoesnotincreasethediscaslarge. (4)linearcombinationknifeandtheknifelibraryThelinearknifesimplestructureinFigure2.9,toolsingleorder,thecapacityofsmallknife,usedforCNClatheanddrillpresson.Becausethelocationoffixedknife,ATCcompletedactionbythespindlewithoutmanipulator.Thecutterknifeisgenerallytheturretcombinationturretwithacombinationofthedisccutterknifeandthechaincombination.Everysingleknifetheknifecertificatesofsmaller,fastertoolchange.Therearealsosomeintensivedrumwheel,andthelattice-typemagazinefortheknife,theknife-intensivethough.Smallfootprint,butbecauseofstructuralconstraints,basicallynotusedforsingleprocessingcenter,theconcentrationusedforFMSfortheknifesystem.1.4ToolstoragecapacityToolstoragecapacityofthefirsttoconsidertheneedsofprocessing,fromtheuseofpointofview,generally10to40knives,knifewillbetheutilizationofthehigh,andthestructureis compact.1.5Tooloptions(1)choosetoorderprocessingtoolaccordingtotheorder,followedAddtotheknifeeveryknifeintheBlock.Eachtoolchange,theorderofrotationofacutterknifeonlocation,andremovetheneedknives,hasbeenusedbythecutterknifecanbereturnedtotheoriginalBlock,canalsoorderAddBlock,aknife.However,astheknifeinthetoolindifferentprocessescannotberepeateduseoftheknifemustincreasethecapacityandlowerutilizationrate.(2)mostofthearbitrarychoiceofthecurrentsystemofusingarbitraryNCelectionknives,dividedintoDaotaocoding,codingandmemory-cutter,three.DaotaocodingtoolcodeorknivesorDaotaoneedtoinstallthecodeusedtoidentify,inaccordancewiththegeneralprincipleofbinarycodingcoding.Toolknifeelectioncodingmethodusesaspecialknifehandlestructure,andeachofthecodingtool.Eachofthetoolhasitsowncode,therebycuttingtoolcanbeindifferentprocessesrepeatedlyused,nottoreplacethetoolbackattheoriginalknife,theknifecapacitycanbereducedaccordingly.Memory-electionthispaperknife,inthiswaycanknivesandknifeinthepositioncorrespondingtotheDaotaomemoryofthePLCintheNCsystem,nomatterwhichtoolontheInnerknife,toolinformationisalwaysthereinmind,PLC.Ontheknifewithpositiondetectiondevices,willbethelocationofeachDaotao.Thistoolcanberemovedandsentbacktoarbitrary.Ontheknifeisalsoamechanicalorigin,everyelection,thenearestknifeselection.1.6.Controloftheknife (1)theknifeasasystemtocontrolthepositioningaxis.IntheladderdiagraminaccordancewiththeinstructionsforcomputingTcodecomparisonoftheoutputangleandspeedofinstructionstotheknifetheknifeservodriveservomotor.Toolstoragecapacity,rotationspeed,and/decelerationtime,andothersystemparameterscanbesetinsuchamannerfreefromanyoutsideinfluencepositioningaccurateandreliablebutthecostishigher. (2)knifefromthehydraulicmotordrives,fast/slowthepoints,withproximityswitchescountandpositioning.Incomparisonladderdiagramofthecurrentstoragesystemknife(knifespindle)andgoalsknife(pre-knife)andcomputing,thenoutputrotationinstructions,judgingbytheshortestpathrotationinplace.Thisapproachrequiressufficienthydraulicpowerandelectromagneticvalveknifetherotationalspeedcanbeadjustedthroughthethrottle.Butovertimemaybeoilyhydraulic,oiltemperatureandenvironmentalfactorsimpactthechangeinvelocityandaccuracy.Notgenerallyusedinlargeandmedium-sizedmachinetoolchangefrequently. (3)theknifefromACasynchronousmotordrivencammechanism(Markovinstitutions),withproximityswitchescount,whichmeansstableoperation,andgenerallyaccurateandreliable positioningcamusedinconjunctionwithamechanicalhand,ATCfast-positioning.2.ATC,themaintypes,characteristics,andthescopeofapplication2.1AutoRotaryToolRotaryToolautomaticallyontheuseofCNCmachinetoolisasimpleinstallationofautomatictoolchange,theQuartetand47.60TurretToolvariousforms,suchasrotaryturretwereinstalledonfour,sixormoreoftheTool,NCinstructionsbyATC.RotaryToolhastwoverticalandhorizontal,relativelysimplestructure,applicabletoeconomicCNClathe.RotaryToolinthestructuremusthavegoodstrengthandstiffness,resistancetobearroughCuttingToolinthecuttingforceandreducetheroleofdeformationandimproveprocessingaccuracy.RotatingTooltochoosereliablepositioningprogrammestructureandreasonableposition,inordertoensurethateachrotaryturrettoahigherpositionafterrepeatedpositioningaccuracy(typically0.001to0.005mm).Figure2.1showsthespiralmovementsoftheQuartetTurret.AutoRotaryToolinthesimplestofATC,is180ºrotaryATCdevices,asshowninFigure2.2ATCinstructionsreceived,themachinecontrolsystemputATCspindlecontroltothedesignatedlocationatthesametime,thetoolmovementtotheappropriatelocation,ATC,withtherotaryaxisandatthesametime,theknivesmatchingtool;drawbarsfromSpindleCuttingToolsrip,ATC,willbethetoolfromtheirpositionremoved;ATC,180ºrotarytoolspindleandthetoolandtoolaway;ATC,theRotaryAtthesametime,thetoolrefocusingitspositiontoacceptSpindleremovedfromthecuttingtool;Next,ATC,willbereplacedwiththecutterkniveswereunloadedintothespindleandtool:Finally,backtotheoriginalATC,"standby"position.Atthispoint,ATCcompletedprocedurestocontinuetorun.ThisATC,themain advantageofsimplestructure,thelessmovement,fasttoolchange.Themaindisadvantageisthatknivesmustbekeptinparallelwiththeaxisoftheplane,andafterthehomesidecomparedtothetool,chipandliquid-cuttingknifeintothefolder,itisnecessarytothetoolplusprotection.ConeknifefolderonthechipwillcauseATCerror,orevendamageknifefolders,andthepossibilityofspindle.Someprocessingcentreatthetransfer,andthetoolside.WhentheATCcommandiscalled,thetransfer-cutterkniveswillberemoved,themachinegoforward,andpositioningwiththeATC,inlinewiththeposition.180º"RotaryATCdevicescanbeusedhorizontalmachine,canalsobeusedforverticalmachiningcenters.2.2ATChead-turretinstalledWithrotatingCNCmachinetooloftenusedsuchATCdevices,withafewturretheadspindle,eachwithaspindleonbothknives,thefirsttowerinterimprocesscanbeautomatictoolchange-realization.Theadvantageissimplestructure,toolchangetimeisshort,onlyabout2s.However,duetospatialconstraints,thenumberofspindlecannotbetoomuch,usuallyonlyapplytoprocessesless,nottohighprecisionmachinetools,suchastheNCdrill,suchasCNCmillingmachine.InrecentyearstherehasbeenamechanicalhandandtheturretheadwithaknifefortheautomatictoolchangeATCdevices,asshowninFigure2.3.ItisinfactaturretheadATC,andtheknife-ATCdevicecombination.Theprincipleisasfollows: 5turretonthefirsttwotoolspindle3and4,whenusingthetoolspindle4processingtool,themanipulator2willbethenextsteptotheneedforthetooldoesnotworkonthetoolspindle3untilafterthecompletionofthisprocess,thefirstrotaryturret180º,ATCcompleted.ATCmostoftheirtimeandprocessingtimecoincidence,theonlyrealtoolchangetimeturrettranspositionofthefirsttime,thisapproachmainlyusedforATCandNCNCdrillingfilebed.2.3.DaidaosystemfortheautomatictoolchangeFigure2.4showstheknifeandthewholemachinetoolCNCmachinetoolsfortheappearanceofFig. Figure2.5showstheknifeandsplit-typemachinetotheappearanceofCNCmachinetoolplans.Atthispoint,knifestoragecapacity,aheaviertoolcan,andoftenadditionaltransportunittocompletetheknifebetweenthespindleandcuttingtooltransport.DaidaotheknifefromtheATC,theelectionknives,automaticloadingandunloadingmachinetoolandtoolexchangeinstitutions(manipulator),composedoffourparts,usedwidely.ToolAutomaticToolChangethemanipulatorsystem,thewholeprocessmorecomplicatedATC.Wemustfirstusedintheprocessingofallinstalledinthestandardtoolontheknifehandleinthemachineoutsidethepre-size,accordingtoacertainwayAddtotheknife.ATC,selectedfirstintheknifeknife,andthenfromATC,fromtheknifefromtheknifeorspindle,exchange,thenewknifeintothespindle,theoldknifebackintotheknife. ATC,astheformertwoknivestoaccommodatealimitednumbercannotbetoomany,cannotmeettheneedsofcomplexpartsmachining,CNCmachinetoolAutomaticToolChangeDaidao theuseoftheautomatictoolchangedevices.Theknifehasmorecapacity,bothinstalledinthespindleboxsideorabove.AsfortheautomatictoolchangeDaidaodeviceCNCmachinetoolspindleboxonlyaspindle,spindlecomponentstohighstiffnesstomeetthemachiningrequirements.Thenumberofestablishmentsinlargerknife,whichcanmeetthemorecomplexpartsofthemachiningprocesses,significantlyimprovingproductivity.DaidaosystemfortheautomatictoolchangeappliedtodrillingcentresandCNCmachiningcenters.ThecomparisondrawnDaidaoautomatictoolchangesystemisthemostpromising. 3.PLCcontrolofthekniferandommodeofelection3.1CommonmethodsofautomaticelectionknifeAutomaticcontroloftheknifeCNCreferstothesystemaftertheimplementationofuserinstructionsontheknifelibraryautomationprocess,includingtheprocesstofindknivesandautomatictoolchange[(63,71].CNCMachiningCenterdevice(CNC)directiveissuedbytheelectionknife,aknife,thetoolrequiredtotaketheknifeposition,saidtheelectionautomaticknife.automaticallyelectedknifeTherearetwoways:randomsequenceelectionknivesandknifeelectionmethod.3.1.1orderelectionknifeToolSelectionorderistheprocesstoolaccordingtothesequenceoftheinsertknife,theuseofknivesinordertotakeplace,usedknivesbackattheoriginalknife,canalsoorderAddBlock,aknife.Inthisway,noneedToolidentificationdevices,anddrivecontrolisarelativelysimple,reliableandcanbeuseddirectlyfromthepointsoftheknifemachinerytoachieve.Buttheknivesineachofthetoolindifferentprocessescannotbereused,ifthetoolisinstalledinaccordancewiththeorderoftheknife,therewillbeseriousconsequences.Theneedtoincreasethenumberofknivesandknifethecapacityofthetoolandreducetheutilizationoftheknife.3.1.2RandomelectionknifeRandomelectionundertheknifeisarbitraryinstructionstoselecttherequiredtools,thentheremustbetoolidentificationdevices.Toolknifeinthelibrarydonothavetheprocessinginaccordancewiththeorderoftheworkpiececanbearbitrarystorage.Eachofthetool(orknife blocks)areforacode,automatictoolchange,therotarycutter,everytoolhavebeenthe"toolidentificationdevice"acceptableidentification.WhenCNCtoolcodeandthecodeinlinewithdirectivesofthetoolselected,therotarycutterkniveswillbesenttotheATCposition,waitingtograbmanipulator.Randomknifeelectionistheadvantageofthecutterknifeintheorderhasnothingtodowiththeprocessingsequence,thesametoolcanbeusedrepeatedly.Therefore,therelativelysmallnumberofknives,knifethecorrespondingsmaller.Randomelectionsknifeonthetoolmustbecodedtoidentify.Therearethreemaincoding.1.Toolcoding.Adoptspecialknifehandlestructurecoding,thedrawbarsontheknifehandleback-endpackagessuchasspacingofthecodingpartofthelock-nutfixed.Codingdiameterringdiameterofasizetwo,respectively,saidthatbinary"1"and"0"tothetworingsaredifferent,canbeaseriesofcode.Forexample,therearesixsmalldiameteroftheringcanbemadetodistinguishbetween63(26-1=63)ofthecodingtool.Allof0normallynotallowedtousethecode,toavoidthecutterknifeBlockdidnotconfusethesituation.2.KnifeBlockcoding.OntheknifeBlockcoding,codingtool,andtoolintolinewiththenumberofknivesintheBlock.ATCknifewhentherotation,sothateachknifeseatsfollowedthroughknowledgeknife,knifefoundblocks,knivesstoppedtherotation.Atthistimethereisnoknifehandleencodingpartoftheknifehandlesimplified.3.Annexcodingmethods.Thisstyleofcodingkeys,codedcards,codingandcoding-disc,whichisthemostwidelyusedcodingkeys.Firsttoknivesareattachedtoatooloftheshowwrappedcodingkeys,andwhenthecutterknifetothestoreatknifein,soputthenumberofkeystorememberknifeBlockRoad,willbeinsertedintokeytothecodingBlocknexttothekeyholeintheseatfortheknifetothenumbers.ConclusionFocusedonintoday'smanufacturingenvironmenttoolstorageandmanagementofnewmodelsandmethods,practicalapplicationofgoodresultsinsystemsintegrationandoptimization,andotheraspectsofoperationswillbefurtherexplored,sothatithasahighertheoreticalandpracticallevel. 译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。在刀库自动选刀方面，在计算机记忆式选刀的基础上采用了西门子840D特色功能，使选刀程序更简洁，并完成空刀套的查找。刀库快速换刀利用STEP-7完成编程，并在实际中得到验证。在刀库定位问题上，PLC程序控制采用模块化设计方法，这对今后生产类似机床将十分有利，很容易将其利用到其他机床上。自动换刀系统将以较快的速度增长，缩短换刀时间，提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段，有利于数控技术的发展。刀具及其元件库存是现代生产管理中的重要环节,特别是大型车间管理。传统的人工记帐管理方式,效率低下,错误率高,且信息数据不能共享,刀具的使用状态和寿命周期无法跟踪,不能适应当前信息化管理需要。结合生产实际,我们在车间刀具准备间建立刀具贮存立体库系统,以满足车间刀辅具储存与管理的需要。该系统采用最优化技术,利用计算机存储的大量库存信息,能及时、准确、全面地反映刀具库的库存情况。整个系统采用图形界面,人机对话由中文菜单提示,可实现各种功能选择和各种信息的输入。管理系统采用在线帮助功能。可通过车间管理层、网络系统实现信息管理和共享。具有自动库存管理、刀具入库管理、刀具出库管理和统计查询功能。1.系统组成及其控制结构整个系统包括机械结构及电气控制系统。1.1.1机械结构及工作原理刀具库由支架、驱动机构、传动系统、刀架、护罩、电气控制系统等部分组成。支架由立柱、横梁、上下导向环轨、支撑地轨组成。1)驱动机构　该系统选用了变频调速的方法。采用锥形制动电机,带变频调速,经摆线针轮减速器,通过链轮传动。2)拖动与传动系统　采用变频控制技术。通过变频调速,可使传动轴转速在正常范围内调节使刀架回转速度控制到5～30mmin,2个传动轴各带上、下2个链轮通过上、下2条异形滚子链带动货架转动。链条胀紧机构采用螺纹调节胀紧,为定期胀紧方式。调节时上、下链条松度调节一致,使链条受力均匀。3)刀架与防护罩　整库共有14列独立刀架。其中13列为插座式刀架,1列为抽屉式刀架,每个刀架背部通过销轴与上、下输送链链板联接,底部安装滚轮,链条转动带动刀架沿地轨转动。插座式刀架分BT40刀架和BT50刀架2种形式。为加强管理,保证安全,美化造型,货架外围加防护罩。抽屉式刀架分6个抽屉放置其他刀辅具,可分类装存一些刀辅具,如钻头、车刀等。1.1.2.电气控制系统 本刀具储存系统的电气控制主要是对其货架进行运行控制和位置控制。运行控制包括运行设备的启动、制动控制。位置控制主要是对货架位置和地址进行检测。控制系统框图如图1所示。图1　刀具库控制系统图1)电气传动　水平旋转刀具储存系统各机械的动作都属于反复短时工作制。而且系统在运行时需要几种速度,因此传动系统需要调速,所以该系统选用了变频调速的方法,可以采用结构简单、运行可靠的变频器和变频电动机。2)控制方式　该系统分为手动和自动控制2种控制方式,手动控制一般作为调试用和备用的工作方式;自动控制方式为本系统计算机(IPC)和控制单元(变频器、接触器等)组成的一个自动控制系统。3)位置及定位精度检测　本系统中自动认址和位置检测采用了接近开关作为检测元器件,通过光点隔离继电器板和记数板对接近开关采集的信号进行记数和运算处理,采用最优路径寻址方式确定货架的当前位置和货架的目的位置。为了使系统定位更准确,采用了2只光电开关,分别检测2个货架的2只检测片。1.2.刀库的功能刀库的作用是储备一定数量的刀具，机械手实现主轴上刀具的互换}zs}a刀具的类型有盘式刀库、链式刀库等多种形式，刀库的形式和容量要根据机床的工艺范围来确定。1.3.常见类型刀库是存储刀具的装置，常见的刀库主要有以下几种形式:(1)转塔式刀库包括水平转塔头和垂直转塔头两种，见图2.6a)与b): (2)盘式刀库盘式刀库中刀库呈盘状,刀具沿盘面垂直排列(包括径向取刀和轴向取刀),沿盘面径向排列或成锐角排列的形式的刀库。结构简单、紧凑,应用较多,但刀具单环排列,空间利用率低。见图2.7a)~c)。若增加刀库容量必须使刀库的外径增大,那么转动惯量也相应增大,选刀运动时间长。刀具数量一般不多于32把。刀具呈多环排列的刀库的空间利用率高,但必然使得取刀机构复杂,适用于机床空间受限制而刀库容量又较大的场合。双盘式结构是两个较小容量的刀库分置于主轴两侧,布局较紧凑,储刀数量也相应增大,适用于中小型加工中心。(3)链式刀库包括单环链和多环链，链环形式可有多种变化，见图2.8a)~c)，基本结构见图2.8do特点:适用于刀库容量较大的场合，所占的空间小，一般适用于刀具数在30-120把。仅增加链条长度即可增加刀具数，可以不增加圆周速度其转动惯量不像盘式刀库增加的那样大。 (4)直线式刀库和组合刀库直线式刀库结构简单如图2.9，刀具单行排列，刀库容量小，多用于数控车床和钻床上。由于刀库位置固定，换刀动作由主轴完成，无需机械手。组合刀库一般是转塔式刀库的组合、转塔式与盘式刀库的组合及链式刀库的组合。每单个刀库的储刀量较小，换刀速度快。另外还有一些密集型的鼓轮式、弹匣式和格子式刀库，这些密集型刀库虽.占地面积小，但由于结构限制，基本上不用于单机加工中心，多用于FMS的集中供刀系统。1.4.刀库的容量刀库的容量首先要考虑加工工艺的需要，从使用角度出发，一般为10~40把刀，刀库的利用率会高，而结构比较紧凑。1.5.刀具的选择方式 (1)顺序选择将刀具按加工工序的顺序，依次放入刀库的每一个刀座内。每次换刀时，刀库顺序转动一个刀座位置，并取出所需要的刀具，己经使用过的刀具可以放回原来的刀座内，也可以顺序放入下一个刀座内。但由于刀库中刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用，必须增加刀库的容量，降低了利用率。(2)任意选择目前大多数的数控系统都采用任意选刀的方式，其分为刀套编码、刀具编码和记忆式等三种。刀具编码或刀套编码需要在刀具或刀套上安装用于识别的编码条，一般都是根据二进制编码的原理进行编码。刀具编码选刀方式采用了一种特殊的刀柄结构，并对每把刀具编码。每把刀具都具有自己的代码，因而刀具可在不同的工序中多次重复使用，换下的刀具不用放回原刀座，刀库的容量也可相应减少。本文采用记忆式选刀，这种方式能将刀具号和刀库中的刀套位置对应地记忆在数控系统的PLC中，无论刀具放在哪个刀套内，刀具信息都始终记存在PLC内。刀库上装有位置检测装置，可获得每个刀套的位置。这样刀具就可以任意取出并送回。刀库上还设有机械原点，使每次选刀时就近选取。1.6.刀库的控制方式(1)刀库作为系统的定位轴来控制。在梯形图中根据指令的T码进行运算比较后输出角度和速度指令到刀库伺服驱动刀库伺服电机。刀库的容量、旋转速度、加/减速时间等均可在系统参数中设定，此种方式不受外界因素影响定位准确、可靠但成本较高。(2)刀库由液压马达驱动，有快/慢速之分，用接近开关计数并定位。在梯形图中比较系统存储的当前刀号(主轴上的刀)和目标刀号(预选刀)并运算，再输出旋转指令，同时判断按最短路径旋转到位。这种方式需要足够的液压动力和电磁阀刀库旋转速度可通过节流阀调整。但使用一段时间后可能会因为油质、油压、油温及环境因素的变化而影响运动速度和准确性。一般用于不需频繁换刀的大中型机床。(3)刀库由交流异步电动机驱动凸轮机构(马氏机构)，用接近开关计数，这种方式运行稳定，定位准确可靠一般与凸轮机械手配合使用，换刀速度快，定位准。2.换刀装置的主要类型,特点和适用范围2.1.自动回转刀架自动回转刀架是数控机床上使用的一种简单的自动换刀装置，有四方刀架和六角刀架等多种形式，回转刀架上分别安装有四把、六把或更多的刀具，并按数控指令进行换刀。回转刀架又有立式和卧式两种，结构比较简单，适用于经济数控车床。回转刀架在结构上必须具有良好的强度和刚度，以承受粗加工时切削抗力和减少刀架在切削力作用下的变形，提高加工精度。回转刀架还要选择可靠的定位方案和合理的定位结构，以保证回转刀架在每次转位之后具有较高的重复定位精度(一般为0.001~0.005mm)。图2.1所示为螺旋升降式四方刀架。 在自动回转刀架中最简单的换刀装置是180º回转式换刀装置，如图2.2所示。接到换刀指令后，机床控制系统便将主轴控制到指定换刀位置;与此同时，刀具库运动到适当位置，换刀装置回转并同时与主轴、刀具库的刀具相配合;拉杆从主轴刀具上卸掉，换刀装置将刀具从各自的位置上取下;换刀装置回转180º并将主轴刀具与刀具库刀具带走;换刀装置回转的同时，刀具库重新调整其位置，以接受从主轴取下的刀具;接下来，换刀装置将要换上的刀具与卸下的刀具分别装入主轴和刀具库:最后，换刀装置转回原“待命”位置。至此，换刀完成，程序继续运行。这种换刀装置的主要优点是结构简单、涉及的运动少、换刀快。主要缺点是刀具必须存放在与主轴平行的平面内，与侧置后置刀具库相比，切屑及切削液易进入刀夹，因此必须对刀具另加防护。刀夹锥面上有切屑会造成换刀误差，甚至有损坏刀夹与主轴的可能。有些加工中心使用了传递杆，并将刀具库侧置。当换刀指令被调用时，传递杆将刀具库的刀具取下，转到机床前方，并定位于与换刀装置配合的位置。180º“ 回转式换刀装置既可用于卧式机床，也可用于立式机床。2.2.转塔头式换刀装带有旋转刀具的数控机床常采用此种换刀装置，转塔头上装有几个主轴，每个主轴上均装一把刀具，加工过程中转塔头可自动转位实现换刀。其优点是结构简单，换刀时间短，仅为2s左右。但由于受空间位置的限制，主轴数目不能太多，通常只适用于工序较少、精度要就不高的机床，如数控钻床、数控铣床等。近年来出现了一种用机械手和转塔头配合刀库进行换刀的自动换刀装置，如图2.3所示。它实际上是转塔头换刀装置和刀库式换刀装置的结合。其原理如下: 转塔头5上有两个刀具主轴3和4，当用刀具主轴4上的刀具进行加工时，可由机械手2将下一步需要的刀具换至不工作的刀具主轴3上，待本工序完成后，转塔头回转180º，完成换刀。因其换刀时间大部分和加工时间重合，真正换刀时间只需转塔头转位的时间，这种换刀方式主要用于数控钻床和数控锉床等。2.3.带刀库的自动换刀系统图2.4所示为刀库与机床为整体式数控机床的外观图。图2.5所示为刀库与机床为分体式数控机床的外观图。此时，刀库容量大，刀具可以较重，常常附加运输装置来完成刀库与主轴之间刀具的运输。带刀库的换刀装置由刀库、选刀机构、刀具自动装卸机械及刀具交换机构(机械手)等四部分组成，应用广泛。刀库机械手自动换刀系统，整个换刀过程比较复杂。首先要把加工过程中使用的全部刀具安装在标准刀柄上，在机外进行尺寸预调后，按一定的方式放入刀库。换刀时，先在刀库中选刀，再由换刀装置从刀库或主轴上取刀，进行交换，将新刀装入主轴，旧刀放回刀库。 由于前两种换刀装置容纳的刀具数量有限不能太多，不能满足复杂零件的加工需要，所以自动换刀数控机床多采用带刀库的自动换刀装置。刀库具有较大容量，既可安装在主轴箱的侧面或上方。由于带刀库的自动换刀装置的数控机床的主轴箱内只有一根主轴，主轴部件的刚度要高，以满足精密加工要求。刀库内数量较大，因而能满足复杂零件的多工序加工，大大提高生产率。带刀库的自动换刀系统适用于数控钻削中心和加工中心。进行比较得出带刀库的自动换刀系统是最有发展前景的。 3.PLC控制的随机选刀方式的研究3.1常见的自动选刀方式刀库的自动控制指CNC执行用户指令后系统对刀库的自动控制过程，包括程序找刀和自动换刀[(63,71]。加工中心的计算机数控装置(CNC)发出的选刀指令，将刀库转到所需刀具号的取刀位置，称自动选刀。自动选刀有两种方法:顺序选刀和随机选刀方法。3.1.1顺序选刀顺序选刀方法是刀具按预定工序的先后顺序插入刀库中，使用时按顺序转到取刀位置，用过的刀具放回原来的刀座内，也可以顺序放入下一个刀座内。采用这种方式，不需要刀具识别装置，而且驱动装置控制也比较简单，工作可靠，可以直接由刀库的分度机械来实现。但刀库中每把刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用，如果刀具不按顺序装在刀库中，将会产生严重的后果。必须增加刀具的数量和刀库的容量，降低了刀具和刀库的利用率。3.1.2随机选刀随机选刀方法是根据指令要求任意选择所需要的刀具，这时必须有刀具识别装置。刀具在刀库中不必按照工件的加工顺序排列，可任意存放的。每把刀具(或刀座)均编上代码，自动换刀时，刀库旋转，每把刀具都经过“刀具识别器” 接受识别。当刀具代码与CNC指令代码相符时该刀具被选中刀库旋转将刀具送到换刀位置，等待机械手来抓取。随机选刀的优点是刀库中刀具的排列顺序与加工顺序无关，相同的刀具可以重复使用。因此，刀具数量比较少，刀库也相应的较小。随机选刀必须对刀具编码，以便识别。编码主要有以下三种。1.刀具编码方式。采用特殊的刀柄结构进行编码，刀柄后端的拉杆上套装着等间距的编码环，由锁进螺母固定。编码环直径有大小直径两种，分别表示二进制的“1”和“0"，通过这两个圆环的不同排列，可以得到一系列代码。例如有六个大小直径的圆环便可组成能区别63(26-1=63)种刀具的编码。通常全为0的代码不许使用，以避免与刀座中没有刀具的状况混淆。2.刀座编码方式。对刀座编码，刀具编码，并将刀具放到与其号码相符的刀座中。换刀时刀库旋转，使每个刀座位依次经过识刀器，找到刀座，刀库便停止旋转。这时刀柄上没有了编码环，使刀柄简化。3.编码附件方式。这种方式有编码钥匙、编码卡片、编码杆和编码盘等，其中应用最多的是编码钥匙。先给刀具都附上一把裹示该刀具号的编码钥匙，当把各刀具存放到刀库的刀座中时，这样就把钥匙的号码转记道刀座中，将编码钥匙插进到座旁边的钥匙孔中给刀座编上了号码。结　语　　重点讨论了在当今制造环境下刀具存储与管理新的模式和方法,实际应用效果良好,在系统集成和优化运行等方面将进一步探讨,使之具有更高理论和实际水平。