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1、非关税壁垒发展趋势及对策(ThedevelopmenttrendandCountermeasuresofnontariffbarriers)AtthebeginningofChina'saccessiontotheWTO,tariffconcessionsandnon-tariffmeasuresgraduallycancelthelargeorsmallimpactonthedomesticindustry,andinthenextfewyearsespeciallyaftertheendofthetransitionperiod.Thismayh
2、aveagreaterimpactinChinahasmadeacommitmenttoreducetariffsandcancelnon-tariffmeasuresunderthebackgroundtomitigatetheimpactofimportsonthedomesticmarketcanonlyturntosomeothermeasuresconsistentwiththerulesofWTO.Instrengtheningthenontariffbarriercase,betweendevelopedcapitalistcountr
3、iestakevariousmeasurestoencourageacommodityexports;retaliatoryanddiscriminatorymeasuresontheotherhand,restrictionsonimportsofothercommodities,tofurtheraggravatethetradefrictionandconflictbetweenthem.Developedcapitalistcountriesoftenadoptdiscriminatorynon-tariffmeasures,whichser
4、iouslydamagetheexportinterestsofsocialistanddevelopingcountries.Tariffisataximposedbyasovereignstateonthebasisoftheeconomicandpoliticalneedsofthestate,determinedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesandpoliciesformulatedbythestateandintheformoflaw,andleviedbytheCustomsoninwardandoutward
5、goodsandarticles.Ourcustomsdutiesaredividedintoimportduties,exportdutiesandimportdutiesonluggageandpostalitems.Customsdutiesarecentraltaxes,andthelegislativeandmanagerialpowersofthecustomsareamongthecentralauthorities.Theimpactofnon-tariffbarriersoninternationaltradeThereareman
6、ytypesofnon-tariffbarriermeasures,involvingawiderange,ofteninvolvingdomesticeconomicpoliciesandforeignpolicies.Theeffectsofvariousnon-tariffmeasuresaredifferent.Whensomeconditionschange,theimpactofnon-tariffmeasureswillalsochange.Therefore,Thedegreeofinfluenceofnon-tariffmeasur
7、esoninternationaltradeandrelatedimportandexportcountriesisdifficulttoestimate.Themainmanifestationsareasfollows:I.TheimpactonWorldTrade(I)impactonthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeGenerallyspeaking,non-tariffbarriersplayamajorhindrancetothedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Withot
8、herconditionsunchanged,theextentofthestrengtheningofno