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1、名词解释Allegory:Itisafictionalnarrativeorartisticexpressionthatconveysasymbolicmeaningparalleltobutdistinctfrom,andmoreimportantthan,theliteralmeaning.Thesymbolicmeaningisusuallyexpressedthroughpersonificationsandothersymbols.Relatedformsarethefableandtheparable,whicharedidactic,comparati
2、velyshortandsimpleallegories.TheartofallegoryreacheditsheightduringtheMiddleAges,(especiallyintheworksoftheItalianpoetDanteandtheEnglishpoetGeoffreyChaucer)andduringtheRenaissance.InTheFaerieQueenetheEnglishpoetEdmundSpenserconceals,beneathasurfaceofchivalricromance,acommentaryonreligi
3、ousandethicaldoctrinesandonsocialconditionsin16th-centuryEngland.OneofthegreatestofallallegoriesisPilgrim’sProgressbyJohnBunyan,aprosenarrativesymbolicallyconcerningthesearchforspiritualsalvation.Althoughmodernauthorsgenerallyfavorlessabstract,morepersonalsymbolism,allegoriesarestillwr
4、itten.AnimalFarmisapopularexample,whichwaswrittenbytheEnglishwriterGeorgeOrwell.Alliteration:Arepeatedinitialconsonanttosuccessivewords.InOldEnglishverse,anyvowelalliterateswithanyother,andanyalliterationisnotanunusualorexpressivephenomenonbutaregularlyrecurringstructuralfeatureoftheve
5、rse,occurringonthefirstandthird,andoftenonthefirst,second,andthird,primary-stressedsyllablesofthethefour-stressedline.Thus,fromTheSeafarer: hreranmidhondumhrincaeldesae(“tostirwithhishandtherime-coldsea”)InlaterEnglishversetradition,alliterationbecomesexpressiveinavarietyofways.Speneru
6、sesitdecoratively,ortolinkadjectiveandnoun,verbandobject,asintheline:“muchdauntedwiththatdint,hersensewasdased.”Inthe18thand19thcenturiesitbecomesevenlesssystematicandmore“musical”.Ballad:Itisalyricpoemgenerallyofthreeeight-linestanzaswithaconcludingstanzaoffourlinescalledanenvoy.Withs
7、omevariations,thelinesofaballadareiambicoranapestictetrameterrhymingababbcbC;theenvoy,whichformsapersonaldedicationtosomepersonofimportanceortoapersonification,rhymesbcbC.Thelastline(C)ofthestanzaisrepeatedasarefrainthroughout.Anotherpatternoftenemployedconsistsofatenoffivelinesrhymi
