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1、附录：中英文翻译英文部分：LOADSLoadsthatactonstructuresareusuallyclassifiedasdeadloadsorliveloads.Deadloadsarefixedinlocationandconstantinmagnitudethroughoutthelifeofthestructure.Usuallytheself-weightofastructureisthemostimportantpartofthestructureandtheunitweightofthematerial.Concretedensity
2、variesfromabout90to120pcf(14to19)forlightweightconcrete,andisabout145pcf(23)fornormalconcrete.Incalculatingthedeadloadofstructuralconcrete,usuallya5pcf(1)incrementisincludedwiththeweightoftheconcretetoaccountforthepresenceofthereinforcement.Liveloadsareloadssuchasoccupancy,snow,w
3、ind,ortrafficloads,orseismicforces.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplace,ornotpresentatall.Theymayalsochangeinlocation.Althoughtitistheresponsibilityoftheengineertocalculatedeadloads,liveloadsareusuallyspecifiedbylocal,regional,ornationalcodesandspecifications.Typicalsourcesaret
4、hepublicationsoftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,theAmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficialsand,forwindloads,therecommendationsoftheASCETaskCommitteeonWindForces.Specifiedlivetheloadsusuallyincludesomeallowanceforoverload,andmayincludemeasuressuchasposting
5、ofmaximumloadswillnotbeexceeded.Itisofternimportanttodistinguishbetweenthespecifiedload,andwhatistermedthecharacteristicload,thatis,theloadthatactuallyisineffectundernormalconditionsofservice,whichmaybesignificantlyless.Inestimatingthelong-termdeflectionofastructure,forexample,it
6、isthecharacteristicloadthatisimportant,notthespecifiedload.Thesumofthecalculateddeadloadandthespecifiedliveloadiscalledtheserviceload,becausethisisthemaximumloadwhichmayreasonablybeexpectedtoactduringtheserviceresistingisamultipleoftheserviceload.StrengthThestrengthofastructurede
7、pendsonthestrengthofthematerialsfromwhichitismade.Minimummaterialstrengthsarespecifiedincertainstandardizedways.Thepropertiesofconcreteanditscomponents,themethodsofmixing,placing,andcuringtoobtaintherequiredquality,andthemethodsfortesting,arespecifiedbytheAmericanConcreteInsititu
8、e(ACI).Includedbyrefrenceinthesamedocume
