备战新高考高中语文真题分类汇编专题01 阅读理解(说明文)(原卷版)Word版.docx

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专题01阅读理解(说明文)高频话题01人与自然—人与动植物Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一统考期中Groupsofreindeer,aspeciesofdeer,andhorsescouldsoonrunacrossthefrozen(冷冻的)groundinplacesasfarnorthasSiberia.That’sbecausereintroducingthesegrazinganimals(食草动物)canslowdowntherateofpermafrostmelting(永冻土融化)andglobalwarming.AnewstudyconductedbyProfessorChristianBeerhasfoundthatifthereareenoughanimalsintheArctic,80%ofthepermafrostcouldbekeptuntilatleast2100.ItwasinspiredbyanexperimentcarriedoutbyascientistnamedSergeyZimov.HehadbelievedthatbecauseofthewarmingclimateoftheArcticregion,themeltingpermafrostwouldgiveoffgreenhousegasesthathadbeentrappedinthesoilforthousandsofyears,anditwouldincreasetheamountofwarmingandstartanendlesscycle.20yearsago,bythePleistoceneParkExperiment,hesuccessfullyprovedthatgrazinganimalsrunningacrossthelandwouldbreakupthesnowandhelpfreezethesoil.However,hefailedtogethisscientificpaperspublished.Butnowscientistsaretakinghiswarningseriously.Accordingtoasurvey,1.7billiontonsofcarbondioxideweregivenofffrommeltingpermafrostbetween2003and2017,whichchangedtheArcticfrombeingaplacethattookincarbondioxideintoaplacethatgaveoffcarbondioxide.Ifuncontrolled,therewouldbea7-degreeincreaseinthepermafrosttemperaturethatwouldcausehalfofittomeltby2100.Fortunately,Beer’sstudyshowsthatmostofthepermafrostcanbekeptiftheplaceisrepopulatedwithgrazinganimals.“Today,wehaveanaverageof5reindeerpersquarekilometeracrosstheArctic.With15reindeerpersquarekilometer,wecouldsave70%ofthepermafrost.Ifwewereabletomaintainthehighanimaldensity(密度)likeinZimov’sPleistocenePark,wouldthatbegoodenoughtosavepermafrostunderthestrongestwarming?Yes,itcouldworkfor80%oftheregion,”saidBeer.1.WhyarethegrazinganimalsreintroducedtotheArctic?A.Tospeedupthemelting.B.Toprotectthepermafrost.C.Tohelpcarryoutresearch.D.Togetridofglobalwarming.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“It”inparagraph2referto?A.Globalwarming.B.Thegrazinganimal.C.TheArcticpermafrost.D.ChristianBeer’sresearch.3.Whatwillhappenifthepermafrostcontinuesmelting?A.Grazinganimalsmaygoextinct.B.Morecarbondioxidewillbetakenin.C.Itwillsetmoregreenhousegasesfree.D.Thetemperaturemaygodownquickly.4.WhatdoesChristianBeerthinkofthereintroductionofgrazinganimals?A.Ittakesalotoftimeandeffort.B.Itcanleadtoapromisingresult.C.Itcontributesmuchtobiodiversity.D.Ithelpsthepermafrosttotakeform.Passage2学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 2022-2023学年下学期·江苏南京·高一南京师大附中校考期中Manyimportantdecisionscomedowntoachoicebetweenkeepingthesupposedsafetyandriskinggoingoutforachanceatgettingsomethingevenbetter.Thoughrisk-takingpreferencesvarybetweenindividuals,researchwithhumansshowsthatwe’reallgenerallylesswillingtotakerisksinsituationswithmoreambiguous(不确定的)outcomes.“Thefindingshouldalsoapplytorisk-takinginchimps(黑猩猩)，oneofourclosestevolutionary(进化的)ancestors,”saidHaux,fromMaxPlanckInstituteforHumanDevelopment.Totesttheevolutionaryrootsofhumanriskpreference,Hauxandhiscolleaguesmeasured55chimpslivinginreservesfortheirriskyandambiguouschoicesinanexperimentalsetting.Ineachtrial,theychoseaballfromoneoftwopots.Onepotwasalwayssafebecauseitcontainedtwoballsfilledwithonepeanuteach.Intheriskycondition,thesecondpotalsocontainedtwoballs,butonewasfilledwithtwopeanutsandtheotherwithnothing.Intheambiguouscondition,theballsinthesecondpotstillcontainedtworewardsornothing,butthechimpscouldn’tseethecontentsinthepot.Onaverage,chimpschosetheriskypotoverthesafepot55%ofthetimebutchosetheambiguouspotoverthesafepotinjust25%oftrials.Thissuggeststhatchimps,likehumans,prefertoavoidsituationswithambiguousversusknownrisks.“Structuralsimilaritiesinriskpreferencesofhumansandoneofourclosestlivingrelativesarelikelytoreflectadaptationstosimilarchangesinevolution.Whilemanyotherfactorsmayinfluencehumanrisk-takingpreferences,theparallelsbetweenhumanandchimpbehaviorsuggestthatevolutionaryadaptationshavehelpedsetaconsistent(一致的)baseline,”Hauxsaid.Futureworkwillcomparehowtherisk-takingpreferencesofchimpslivinginreservesmaydifferfromthoselivinginzoosorinthewild,aswellashowtheycomparetothoseofbonobos,anothercloseevolutionaryrelativeofhumans,Hauxadded.5.Whatwasthepurposeoftheresearchonchimps?A.Tocomparetheirintelligencelevelwithhumans’.B.Toprovethatchimpsaremorewillingtotakerisks.C.Totestthetheevolutionaryrootsofhumanriskpreference.D.Tofindoutthedifferencesbetweenhumansandchimps.6.Whichillustratestheriskyconditionintheexperimentalsetting?A.B.C.D.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“parallels”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Conflicts.B.Interactions.C.Misunderstandings.D.Similarities.8.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Hauxissatisfiedwiththecurrentresearch.B.Otheranimalswillbestudiedformoreevidence.C.Theresearchtopicwillbeshiftedtoanotherfield.D.Bonoboswillbestudiedbecausetheyliveinthewild.Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏苏州·高一江苏省木渎高级中学统考期中Kangarooscancommunicatewithhumans,accordingtoanewstudy.Thereportisthefirstresearchofthiskindtobedoneonmarsupials—atypeofmammalwhoseyounggetcarriedinpouches(育儿袋)ontheirmother’sbody.Itsuggestskangaroosareclevererthanpreviouslythought.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofRoehamptonintheUKandtheUniversityofSydneyinAustraliatestedkangaroosatthreelocations--theAustralianReptilePark,WildlifeSydneyZooandKangarooProtectionCo-operative.Thescientistsputfoodinaboxthatthekangarooscouldnotopen,andwaitedtoseewhattheanimalswoulddo.Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.DrAlexandraGreen,aco-authorofthestudy,toldTheGuardiannewspaperthatsomeofthekangaroosactuallyapproachedthepersonandstartedscratchingandsniffingthem,thenlookedbackatthebox.“Sotheywerereallytryingtocommunicate,”Greensaid.Thisbehaviourisnotuncommoninanimals.However,itisusuallyonlyseenindomesticatedanimals.Domesticatedmeansanimalsthathavebeenbred(饲养)tolivealongsidepeople,suchaspetsorfarmanimals.Theleadauthorofthestudy,DrAlanMcElligott,explained,“Throughthisstudy,wewereabletoseethatcommunicationbetweenanimalscanbelearntandthatthebehaviouroflookingathumanstoaccessfoodisnotrelatedtodomestication.”“Indeed,kangaroosshowedaverysimilarpatternofbehaviourwehaveseenindogs,horsesandevengoats,whenputtothesametest,”headded.Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenaspeststhatdamagefarmers’crops.9.Whydidthekangarooslookatthepersonandthenthebox?A.Theywerecurious.B.Theywereaskingforhelp.C.Theywereconfusedbythebox.D.Theywereplayingwiththeperson.10.WhatdoesDrAlanMcElligottsayaboutkangaroos’behavior?A.Itisonlyseeninwildanimals.B.Ithasnothingtodowithdomestication.C.Itsetskangaroosapartfromotheranimals.D.Itcanonlybelearnedbydomesticatedanimals.11.Whatpurposeisthestudyexpectedtoserve?A.Protectingfarmers’cropsfromkangaroos.B.Callingonpeopletoprotectkangaroos.C.Changingthewaypeopleseekangaroos.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.Encouragingpeopletodomesticatekangaroos.12.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.HowkangaroosaccessfoodB.WhyKangaroosareourfriendsC.Kangarooscan“talk”tousD.KangaroosareclevererthanwethoughtPassage42022-2023学年下学期·江苏连云港·高一统考期中Someofthetallconifers(针叶树)thathavegrownupinCalifornia’sSierraNevadaarenolongersuitablefortheclimatetheylivein,newresearchhasshown.Althoughthereareconifersinthoseareasnow,Hillandotherresearcherssuggestedthatasthetreesdieout,they’llbereplacedwithothertypesofplantsbettersuitedtotheenvironmentalconditions.Theteamestimatedthatabout20%ofallSierraNevadaconifertreesinCaliforniaarenolongersuitablefortheclimatearoundthemandareindangerofdisappearing.Theycalledthesetrees“zombieforests”.Thatchangeislargelyduetohighertemperaturesandlessrainfallintheselower-elevationareas.Inaddition,humanactivities,suchasloggingandanincreaseinwildfires,haveaneffectonthereductionofconifers.TheSierraNevadaconifersaren’tstandingstill.Theaverageelevation(海拔)ofthetreeshasincreasedoverthepast90years,moving112feetupslope(上坡).AccordingtoHill,thatisbecauselower-elevationconifershavediedwhileconifersathigherelevationswheretheairiscoolerhavebeenabletogrow.Buttheconifers’uphilltrekhasn’tbeenabletokeeppacewiththedramaticincreaseintemperatures.TheresearcherssaidthenumberofSierraNevadaconifersincompatible(不能共处的)withtheirenvironmentscoulddoubleinthenext77years.Tohelpshapepeople’sunderstandingoftheeffectsofclimatechange,Hillandhiscolleaguesdevelopedsomemapswhichshowthestate’s“zombieforests”.“Thesemapsareunique,inthatyoucanputyourfingeronapointanditwillsay,‘Thisarearighthereisexpectedtomoveupslopeduetoclimatechangeinthenearfuture’,andthisbringssomereallydifficultquestionsaboutwhatwewantthislandmanagedfor.Dowetrytoresisttheseupcomingchanges?’’Hilladded.“Conservationistsknow,scientistsknow,somanypeopleknowthatecosystemsarechangingandexpectthemtochangebetter,andpeoplearedealingwiththis.”hesaid.13.WhatmainlycausessomeconifertreesinSierraNevadaindanger?A.Zombieforests.B.Humanactivities.C.Othertypesofplants.D.Environmentalconditions.14.WhatdotheSierraNevadaconifersdotosurvive?A.Theydoubleinnumber.B.Theygiveintotheenvironment.C.Theymovetohigher-elevationareas.D.Theykeeppacewiththerisingtemperatures.15.What’sspecialaboutHill’smaps?A.Theyexplaintheprobleminaudio.B.Theyshowthestate’s“zombieforests”.C.Theypresenttheeffectsofclimatechange.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.Theypersuadepeopletochangetheirminds.16.WhatdoHill’swordsimply?A.Peopleshouldtrytoresistchangestotheecosystem.B.Peopleshouldmakemoreeffortstoimprovetheecosystem.C.Peopleshouldmanagelandforhumankindinsteadofplants.D.Peopleshouldworktogethertodealwiththecurrentproblem.高频话题02人与自然--自然灾害防范Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏盐城·高一江苏省响水中学校考期中Seismometer(地震仪)stationsnotonlysensegroundshakingduetoearthquakesbutalsosignalsatthesurfaceofourplanet,suchasstormsand—astheresearchersdiscovered—alsofloods.Forthisresearch,scientiststurnedanearthquakeseismometerstationnearthetownofAhrweilerinGermanyintoafloodtrackingtool.Usingseismologicalinformationfromthetimeoftheevent,theycantellpeopleaboutthedisasterinatimelyway.AsthetownofAhrweilertookthefullforceofaflood,scientistsfoundtheseismometerexactlyshowedthetrackofthefloodforonehour.Bycomparingmathematicalmodels,theresearcherswereabletoestimate(估算)thespeedwithwhichthefloodmoved.Infact,thiswastheonlysystematicsourceofmeasurableinformationabouthowtheflooddevelopedbecausethethreepresentwaterlevelstationsinthetownwereoutofserviceearly.Astheresearchshows,thismethodcanprovideinformationthatisvaluabletotrackfloodforwarningandrescueactivities.“Ifthedatafromthatstationisavailable(可用的)andasourresearchnowshows,realtimeinformationonthemagnitudeandspeedofthefloodwillbeavailableaswell,”saysDrMichaelDietzeattheUniversityofGottingen.“As10%ofEurope’ssurfaceareaislikelytosufferfromrapidfloodingbyrivers,wemaywanttostartthinkingaboutnewwaysoffloodearlywarning.Thepresentnetworkofwaterlevelstationsisnotenoughtobefullypreparedforfutureevents,”Dietzeadds.Dietzeandhisteamareworkingonaplantodiscoverfurtherareasatriskoffloodingandprovidethemwithlowcost“watchtower”scismometerpairs--anefforttocutthelossescausedbyfuturefloods.Dietzesays,“ThedeadlyJulyfloodthathittheAhrweilerinGermanyinJuly2021gaveawarningtothelocals,thegovernment,emergencyservicesandscientists--howmuchweneedtolearntoimprovethepresentfloodwarningsystems.”1.WhatcanbeknownaboutAhrweiler?A.Itsawanearthquake.B.It’sturnedintoastation.C.It’shardhitbyafloodD.Itpraisedthesescientists.2.Whatdotheresearchersexpectoftheseismometer?A.It’llspeedupwatersupply.B.It’llstoprapidflooding.C.It’llbeatoolforafamily.D.It’llprovideearlywarning.3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Peoplewillcutthecostofpublicservices.B.Effortsshouldbeputintofloodcontrol.C.Thegovernmentmustsaveitsspending.D.Thelocalshavemadeaplanofaction.4.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Ahealthreport.B.Aguidebook.C.Ashortstory.D.Asciencemagazine.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏徐州·高一统考期中Earthquakeforecastingisoneofthemostancientskillsknowntomankind.FromancientGreecetothepresentday,countlessscientistshavetriedtodeveloptoolstopredictearthquakes.Theirattemptsusuallyfocusedonsearchingforreliableevidencesofcomingquakes.However,therearemanyreasonswhypredictingquakesissohard.“Wedon’tunderstandsomebasicphysicsofearthquakes,”saidEgill,aresearchprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Scientistshavealsoattemptedtocreatemathematicalmodelsofmovement,butpreciselypredictingwouldrequiregreatmappingandanalysisoftheEarth’scrust.Otherchallengesincludealackofdataontheearlywarningsigns,giventhatthesewarningsignsarenotyetentirelyunderstood.Actually,realearthquakepredictionisverysimilartothediagnosisofpotentialhumanillnessesbasedonobservingandanalyzingeachpatient’ssignsandsymptoms.Asitturnsout,quakepredictionisextremelydifficult.ManysourcesshowthatearthquakeforecastingwasarecognizedscienceinancientGreece.AncientGreekslivedveryclosetonatureandwereabletodetectunusualphenomenaandforecastearthquakes.ThefirstknownforecastwasmadebyPherecydesofSyrosabout2500yearsago:hemadeitashescoopedwaterfromawellandnoticedthatusuallyverycleanwaterhadsuddenlybecomemuddy.Indeed,anearthquakeoccurredtwodayslater,makingPherecydesfamous.Nowadays,seismicandremote-sensingmethodsareconsideredtohavethegreatestpotentialintermsofsolvingtheearthquakepredictionproblem.Currently,TerraSeismiccanidentifyaforthcomingearthquakewithahighlevelofconfidence.Generally,TerraSeismicdoesnotpredictaquakeiftheearthquake’sepicenterislocatedbeyondadepthof40km.Fortunately,suchquakesarealmostalwaysharmless,sincequake’senergyreducesbeforereachingtheEarth’ssurface.“Scientistshavetriedeverypossiblemethodtotrytopredictearthquakes,”Bruneausaid.“Nobodyhasbeenabletocrackitandmakeabelievableprediction.”5.Whyisearthquakeforecastingsodifficult?A.Somebasicphysicsofearthquakesisunknown.B.Dataonearlywarningsignsarefullyunderstood.C.MappingandanalysisoftheEarth’scrustareimpossible.D.Earthquakepredictionisthesameasthediagnosisofhumanillness.6.WhydoestheauthorgivetheexampleofPherecydes?A.ToexplainwhyPherecydeswasfamous.B.ToexplainAncientGreekslivedveryclosetonature.C.Toshowearthquakeforecastingisasciencewithalonghistory.D.Toshowremote-sensingmethodsarethebestsolutiontoearthquakeprediction.7.WhatdoesBruneaumeaninparagraph4?A.Scientistshavemethodstopredictearthquake.B.TerraSeismiccanpredictanearthquake.C.Somequakesareharmlessifquake’senergyisreleased.D.Scientistshavenoreliablemethodtopredictanearthquake.8.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Thereasonsforearthquakeforecasting.B.Thehistoryofearthquakeforecasting.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.Themethodsofearthquakeforecasting.D.Thefutureofearthquakeforecasting.Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏徐州·高一徐州市第一中学校考期中Asatelliteisabouttodemonstrateanewwayofcapturingspacejunkwithmagnetsforthefirsttime.Withthefrequencyofspacelaunchesdramaticallyincreasinginrecentyears,thepotentialforadisastrouscollisionaboveEarthiscontinuallygrowing.Now,Japaneseorbitalclean-upcompanyAstroscaleistestingapotentialsolution.Thefirm’sEnd-of-LifeServicesbyAstroscaledemonstrationmissionisscheduledtoliftoffon20MarchaboardaRussianSoyuzrocket.Itconsistsoftwospacecraft:asmaller“client”satelliteandalarger“servicer”satellite,or“chaser”.Thesmallersatelliteisequippedwithamagnetic(磁力的)platewhichallowsthechasertodockwithit.Thetwostackedspacecraftwillperformthreetestsonceinorbit,eachofwhichwillinvolvetheservicersatellitereleasingandthenrecapturingtheclientsatellite.Thefirsttestwillbethesimplest,withtheclientsatellitedriftingashortdistanceawayandthenbeingrecaptured.Inthesecondtest,theservicersatellitewillsettheclientsatellitetumblingbeforecatchingupwithitandmatchingitsmotiontograbit.Finally,ifthosetwotestsgowell,thechaserwillliveuptoitsnamebylettingtheclientsatellitefloatafewhundredmetresawaybeforefindingitandattachingtoit.Allofthesetestswillbeperformedautonomously,withlittletonohumaninputoncetheyaresetinmotion.“Thesekindsofdemonstrationshaveneverbeendonebeforeinspace—theyareverydifferentto,say,anastronautcontrollingaroboticarmontheInternationalSpaceStation,”saysJasonForshawatAstroscaleUK.“Thisismoreofanautonomousmission.”Attheendofthetests,bothspacecraftwillburnupinEarth’satmosphere.Ifcompanieswantedtousethiscapability,theywouldhavetoattachamagneticplatetotheirsatellitessotheycouldbecapturedlater.Becauseofthegrowingspacegarbageproblem,manycountriesnowrequirefirmstohaveawaytobringbacktheirsatellitesoncetheyrunoutoffuelorfail,sothiscouldbeafairlysimplelikelyplan,Forshawsays.Rightnow,eachchasercanonlynabonesatellite,butAstroscaleisworkingonaversionthatcoulddragthreeorfouroutoforbitatonce.9.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“dockwith”inParagraph2?A.Jointogether.B.Keepupwith.C.Dealwith.D.Crash.10.Whymanycountriesnowrequirefirmstohaveawaytobringbacktheirsatellites?A.Becausetheycanearnlargeprofitsfromit.B.Becausethefrequencyofspacelaunchesaredramaticallyincreasing.C.Becauseofthegrowingspacewasteproblem.D.BecauseAstroscalehasfoundanewmethodofcapturingthespacegarbage.11.WhatwillAstroscaledotosolvethespacejunkproblem?A.AnastronautcontrolsaroboticarmontheInternationalSpacetocapturethe“client”satellite.B.Throughamagneticplateremotelycontrolledbyhumansonthegroundtocatchthe“client”satellite.C.Tumblingtomatchthemotionof“client”satellitethedragthreeorfoursatellitesoutofitsorbitintoatmosphere.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.Findingthe“client”satelliteandattachingtoitwithamagneticplateautomatically.12.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.peoplewillburnthespacejunkupinEarth’satmosphereinthefuture.B.thedemonstrationmissionwillbedividedintothreephases.C.Thesekindsofdemonstrationshaveneverbeendonebefore.D.JapanandRussiawillconductspacedebriscleanupexperimenttogether.高频话题03人与自然--环境保护Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏泰州·高一统考期中Seagrassmeadows(海草床)arewonderplantsgrowinginthesea.Theyfeedandpreservesealifeandaremasterfulatstoringcarbon.Thankstotheassistanceoftigersharks,ahugeseagrassmeadowintheBahamasBankswasrecentlydiscovered,offeringtheworldatooltofightclimatechange.SeagrasshasusuallybeendetectedbyEarth-orbitingsatellitesthatidentifydarkerareasinthebluewater.Inthisstudy,tigersharkswereselectedasresearchtoolsduetotheirconsistentandcloseassociationswithseagrassecosystems.Theyspend70%oftheirtimeinseagrassmeadows.Theteamequippedeighttigersharks(鲨鱼)withsatellitetags,sevensharkswithcameratags,anduseda360-degreecameraonasharkforthefirsttimeever.Thedataresearcherscollectedwasastonishing.Theworld’slargestseagrassecosystem,measuringatleast66,900squarekilometers,hasbeendiscovered.Thisreflectsa41%increasefrompreviousestimatesofglobalseagrass.Seagrasscantakeinhugequantitiesofcarbon(碳)byphotosynthesisandstoresitontheseafloor.Intermsofclimatechange,thisisexcellentnews;seagrassis35timesfasteratremovingcarbonthantropicalrainforests.Whenreferredtoglobalseagrasscarbonstockestimates,thestudyindicatesthatseagrassintheBahamasmaycontain19.2%to26.3%ofallthecarbonstoredinseagrassmeadowsonEarth.Yetseagrassmeadowsarerapidlydisappearing,withover92%ofmeadowsintheUKgone,accordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund.Scientistsarecollectingseedsandtryingtogrownewseagrassmeadowsthroughrestorationprojects.Thisnewdiscoveryoffersoptimismandprovestheimportanceoftheoceanforhealingandrepairingthedamage.ThesharksledustotheseagrassecosystemintheBahamas,whichwenowknowislikelythemostsignificantbluecarbonsinkontheplanet.Whatthisdiscoveryshowsusisthatoceanexplorationandresearchareessentialforahealthyfuture.Theuntappedpotentialoftheoceanislimitless.Thesemeadowscanbeprotectedandcanbereplicated(复制),offeringhopeforclimatechangearoundtheglobe.1.Whyweretigersharkschosenasresearchtools?A.Theymanagetoadjustthemselvestothedeepsea.B.Theycanbeeasilyequippedwithexperimentaldevices.C.Theyhaveastrongconnectionwithseagrassecosystems.D.Theyprovetobemuchmoreimportantthanotherseaanimals.2.WhatcanlearnfromthenumbersinParagraph3?A.Thedeclineofglobalseagrassmeadows.B.Theinfluenceofclimatechangeonthesealife.C.TherapidincreaseintheamountofcarbononEarth.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.Thepotentialvalueoftheworld’slargestseagrassecosystem.3.Whatarescientistsdoingtoprotectseagrass?A.Plantingmoreseagrassmeadows.B.Developingnewtechnologytocollectseeds.C.Mappingtheseagrassmeadows.D.Encouragingpeopletojoininrestorationprojects.4.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheNewWayofRemovingCarbonB.TheSignificanceofOceanExplorationC.ANewDiscovery:World’sLargestSeagrassMeadowD.TigerSharks:Scientists’EfficientHelperstoStudyClimatePassage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏泰州·高一姜堰中学校考期中AnewstudysaystheAmazonrainforestisnearingatippingpoint(临界点)initsdeclinethatcouldseethebiologicallyrichanddiverseecosystemturnedintoasavannah(热带草原).“TheAmazonislosingitsabilitytorecoverfromdisturbanceslikedroughtandextremeweather.Deforestationandclimatechangearelikelythemaindriversofthisdecline,”studyco-authorNiklasBoerssaidinastatement.Theresearcherssaythey’vefoundevidenceofthisdeclineacross75percentoftheAmazon.“It’sworthremindingourselvesthatifitgetstothattippingpointandwecommittolosingtheAmazonrainforest,wewillgetsignificantfeedbackonglobalclimatechange,”saidTimothyLenton,ascientistandco-authorofthestudy.Theresearchteamlookedatthreedecades’worthofsatellitedata,payingcloseattentiontotreesandotherplantsafterextremeevents.Theresearchersconcludedthattheforest,whichisessentialforoxygenproductionandcarbonsequestration(碳封存),hasbeenlosingitsresilienceforthelasttwodecades.Theresearcherssaytheforestisnearingatippingpoint,butthearrivaldateisunclearasanumberoffactorscanpushitclosertoorfartherfromthatedge.It’sjusttoochallengingtoestimatewhenthechangemayoccur.Butthescientistswarnthatoncethetippingpointhasbeencrossed,thechangecouldhappenquickly.ThenewscomesaftertheAmazonrecordedrecordlevelsofdeforestationinBrazilinJanuary.AnimalagricultureiscausingdeforestationintheAmazon,asBrazilisnowtheworld’stopbeefexporter.LastNovember,theEUtookstepstobanbeeflinkedtodeforestation.“Whatweproposeisapioneeringinitiative,”VirginijusSinkevicius,theEUenvironmentcommissioner,said.“TheEUactionalonewillnotsolvetheproblem.WealsoneedmajormarketsliketheUStocleanuptheirsupplychain.”5.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?A.TheAmazonrainforestisindangerofchangingintograssland.B.TheAmazonrainforesthasreachedthepointofnoreturn.C.Scientistsareconvincedthatthechangecouldhappenquickly.D.Scientistsareunclearaboutwhatisresponsibleforthedecline.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resilience”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Theabilitytopredictthefuture.B.Theabilitytorisetochallenges.C.Theabilitytoremainunchanged.D.Theabilitytogobacktonormal.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 7.WhatdoestheEUenvironmentcommissionerexpect?A.Deforestationwillbecomeeasytodealwith.B.Theexportofbeefshouldbebanned.C.Morecountriesshouldjoinhands.D.TheEUshouldadoptstrictmeasures.8.Whatisthetextlikelytobe?A.Anadventurediary.B.Abiologytextbook.C.Anofficialproposal.D.Ascientificreport.Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏盐城·高一校联考期中Lastnight’smeteorshower(流星雨)leftmanypeopleinthecommunitydissatisfiedanddemandinganswers.  AccordingtoGabeRothschild,EmeraldValley’smayor,peoplegatheredinthesuburbsofthecity,carryingheavytelescopes,expectingtowatchthebrightlyburningmeteorspassingthroughthesky.Whattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity’slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead.“Myfamilywassofrustrated,”admittedtownresidentDuaneCosby,“Wewantedtomakethisanunforgettablefamilyouting,butitturnedouttobeahugedisappointment.”Astronomers-scientistswhostudystarsandplanets-havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecades.  Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.  Theycallonpeopleandthegovernmenttotakemeasurestofightagainstit.Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.  Thispopulationconsistsofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes,etc.  Forexample,outdoorlightingbadlyaffectsmigrating(迁徙)birds.  AccordingtotheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,“100millionbirdsayearthroughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers.”Countlessmoreanimalcasualties(伤亡)resultfromtheuseofartificiallighting.  Clearly,peopleenjoythebenefitsoflightingtheirevenings.  Butsomescientiststhinkitcanbeharmfulforhumans,too.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.EmeraldValleyisonlyonecommunitythatisbecomingawareofthenegativeeffectsoflightpollution.  Foryears,Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertohelpastronomersattheLowellObservatorywithagoodobservationcondition.  Similareffortshavebeenmadeworldwide,andamovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.9.Whatdotheastronomerscomplainabout?A.Meteorshowersoccurlessoftenthanbefore.B.Lightpollutionhasremainedunsolvedforyears.C.Theirobservationequipmentisinpoorrepair.D.Theireyesightisfailingduetoartificiallighting.10.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsoutdoorlighting?A.Positive.B.Calm.C.Worried.D.Doubtful.11.LightingregulationsinFlagstaff,Arizonaareputintoeffectto_______.A.createagoodobservationconditionB.lessenthechanceofgettingcancerC.ensurecitizensagoodsleepatnight学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.enableallcreaturestoliveinharmony12.Whatmessagedoestheauthormostwanttogiveus?A.Greateffortsshouldbemadetosaveenergy.B.Savingwildlifeissavingourselves.C.Newequipmentshouldbeintroducedforspacestudy.D.Humanactivitiesshouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly.Passage42022-2023学年下学期·江苏南京·高一南京师大附中校考期中IntheancientwalledcityofSana’a,mudskyscrapersrisehighintothesky.Thetoweringstructuresarebuiltentirelyoutofearthanddecoratedwithamazinggeometricpatterns.ThelocalmudarchitectureissouniquethatthecityhasbeenrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritagesite.“Asanoutstandingexampleofarchitecturereflectingthespatial(空间的)characteristicsoftheearlyyears,thecityinitslandscapehasanextraordinaryartisticquality,”UNESCOwritesinitsdescriptionofSana’a.“Thebuildingsalsoshowexceptionalcraftsmanship(工艺)intheuseoflocalmaterialsandtechniques.”EventhoughthebuildingsinSana’aarethousandsofyearsold,theancientstructuresarestillinhabitedtodayandmostremainprivatehouses.Itiseasytoseewhythesemudbuildingshavenotlosttheirappeal—theyarewell-insulated(隔热的),sustainableandextremelyadaptableformodernuse.“Itisthearchitectureofthefuture,”saysDamluji,co-founderoftheMudBrickArchitectureFoundation.Architectsaroundtheworldarereviving(复兴)raw-earthconstructionastheyseektoconstructsustainablebuildingsthatcansurviveextremeweathereventssuchasflashfloodsandintenseheat.Couldthisancientformofarchitectureinfluencethedesignofourfuturehomes?Theconstructionindustryaccountsfor38%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.Thebuildingsectorhasanimportantroletoplayiftheworldistomeetthegoalofreachingnetzeroby2050.Concrete,acommonmodernconstructionmaterial,hasahugecarbonfootprint.Replacingconcretewithlesspollutingmaterialsisimportanttoachievingourclimategoals,scientistswarn.Theancientmaterial,mud,couldbetheperfectsustainablereplacementforconcrete,accordingtoDamluji.Constructingwithmudhasaverylowimpactontheenvironmentandthematerialitselfisfullyrecyclable,shesays.“Ifyouwanttopulldownawallorchangethedesign,youcanrecycleallthematerials.”Anaddedbenefitisthatmudbuildingsarewarminthewinterandcoolinthesummer.Thisreducestheneedforairconditioningunits,whichconsumelargeamountsofelectricityandcontainrefrigerants(制冷剂)thatmakeupgreenhousegasemissions.Mudstructuresarealsoincrediblystrongandresistanttoextremeweather,suchasheatwaves,floodsanddroughts,whichscientistssaywillbecomemorefrequentandintenseastemperaturescontinuetorise.Therefore,peoplewhowishtoliveinamodern,comfortablehomeshouldconsideronemadeofmud.Overall,itmakesforhighlyadvancedaswellassustainabledesign.13.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,buildingsinSana’aare“unique”because  .A.theyaretallandtowerovertheentirecityB.theirgeometricpatternscreateartisticfeelings学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.theyarebeautifullycraftedwithlocalresourcesD.theirfascinatinghistoryhasattractedmanytourists14.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutmudmaterialsaccordingtothepassage?A.Theycanreducethechanceofextremeweatherevents.B.Theycanbeidealforsustainableconstructionofthefuture.C.Theymightproducealotofgreenhousegasemissions.D.Theymightcausesubstantialtemperaturechanges.15.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.mudmightbeanimportantsolutiontotheclimatecrisisB.themudbuildingsinSana’aarenolongersuitabletoliveC.rebuildingmudconstructionwouldtakegreateffortsD.mudhasbecomethefavouritematerialofarchitects16.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsraw-earthconstructioninthebuildingindustry?A.Cautious.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Supportive.热点考向01人与社会--公益行为Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一统考期中TheBeaver-LawrenceFarmBureausetsupaseriesofstorytimemeetingsacrossBeaverCounty’slibraries,aprogramthathelpsattractattentiontothefarmingprocessinnearbycommunities.Itprovidesanopportunityforreaderstotalkaboutagriculturethroughabookandalsosharetheirownfarmingexperiencesandbackgrounds.Sochildrencanlearnwhatfarmersdoandwheretheirfoodcomesfrom.DuringSpringStoryTimeattheBeaverAreaMemorialLibraryinMarch,overtwelvefamiliesgatheredtohearaboutthefarmingprocessandallowedtheirchildrentojoininthefunactivitiesofferedbythelibrary.Thechildrenwereshowndifferentanimalsthatarefoundonafarmandhowvegetablesgrow.Parentsalsojoinedintheconversationthroughouttheevent.WhenSpringStoryTimestarted,thebookwasreadbyAmandaMcDowell,thetreasureroftheBeaver-LawrenceFarmBureau.Owningafarm,McDowellwasabletoshareherownexperienceswiththefarmingequipmentandherdifferentfarmingroutines.“Thebookshowsthescienceandtechnologyincludedinfarming.Moreimportantly,theideaistoputafarmerinfrontofchildrensotheycanaskquestionsandhearitdirectlyfromfarmers.Educationaboutfarmingandwhatisgoingoninthatprocessisimportanttohelpingthenextgenerationconsiderfarmingthemselves,”saidMcDowell.“Peoplecanlearnnottobeafraidtowavetothefarmerandknowwhat’sgoingon.”Forfarmingeducators,itcanbechallengingtogettheirmessageoutandmakeyoungeraudiencesinterestedinfarming.Whileotherindustriesareapartofeverydaylife,agriculturalindustriesarenotasimportantformanyinthecitiesofwesternPennsylvania.Asaresult,thenumberofindependentlyownedfarmsandthoseworkinginagriculturecontinuestoreduceeachyear.Whilemanyfarmerssteppinguptohelpeducateothersabouttheprocesshavehelped,findingyoungpeople学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 interestedinafarminglifestylehasbecomeincreasinglyimportant.1.Whatistheprogrammeanttodo?A.Helplocalfarmersinneed.B.Developgoodreadinghabits.C.Spreadknowledgeoffarming.D.Callforenvironmentalprotection.2.Whatisthelocalfamilies’attitudetotheprogram?A.Supportive.B.Doubtful.C.Surprised.D.Uncertain.3.WhydidAmandaMcDowellreadthebooktochildren?A.Toteachthemtochoosehealthyfood.B.Toencouragethemtotakeupfarming.C.Tobetterconnectwiththenextgeneration.D.Tocorrectthemisunderstandingaboutfarmers.4.Whatdoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph4?A.Theagriculturalindustryisplayingasignificantrole.B.Farmingeducatorsfailtolearnfromotherindustries.C.Thelocalagriculturalindustryisinadifficultsituation.D.YoungpeopleshowaninterestintheagriculturalprocessPassage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一统考期中In2014,MahoneywasaskedtochooseapersonwhoregularlygavebacktotheHalifaxcommunity(社区)toperformanactofkindnessaspartofaFacebookchallenge.Mahoneychosea79-year-oldseniornamedEleanor,whonotonlygavegoodsforthepeopleatthepubwhereMahoneyworkedbutalsovolunteeredatthelocalhomelessshelter.MahoneywantedtogettoknowEleanorbetter,sosheaskedthattheyspentadaytogether—pickingupfruits,gettingtheirnailsdone,thatkindofthing.“Itwasthefirsttimeinyearsthatsomeonehadmadeadayabouther,”saysthe30-year-old.“Thatfocusmadehershine.”TheirsharedexperiencegotMahoneythinking.Howmanyotherseniorsmightbenefitfromthatkindofattention?Andhadsomeofthoseseniorsdelayedtheirdreamsbecausethey’dbeenbusycaringforothers?Chisholm,now31,wasequallyinterestedinthesequestions,andtogetherthepairsetuptheirnewcharity:WeAreYoung,orWAYforshort.WAYhassincedeliveredon(履行)38dreams—fromahelicoptertripoverachildhoodblueberry-pickingplacetotravellingtoTorontotowatchaBlueJaysgame.Thesedreamsaretoworkoutproblemscausedbythehealthandlonelinessofseniors.78-year-oldVictorwantedtogotothebeach--adreamhe’dgivenupwhenitbecametoophysicallydifficulttoreachthesea.TheteamatWAYofferedaboatforhimandhissoninthefallof2021sotheycouldreachtheseaandspendthedayenjoyingthemselvesonthebeach.“Ifyoulosethesenseofpurposethathavingapassion(激情)cangiveyou,yourself-confidencegoesdown,”saysMahoney.“Now,Victorhasgotsomeofhisself-confidenceagain—andhissenseofhumour.Wewanttoshowthatanythingispossiblewiththesupportofothers.”“Wewanttocreateamovementthatchangesourwhole学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 society’sopinionandsupportforseniors,”saysMahoney.“Thatistheinfluencewe’retryingtocreate.”5.HowdidEleanorfeelafterspendingadaywithMahoney?A.sheaspanicked.B.Shewasinagoodmood.C.Shewasconfused.D.Shewastired.6.WhydidMahoneyandChisholmsetupWAYA?A.Tohelpseniorsgetanswerstothequestions.B.Tomakethemselvesbecomebetter.C.Tomakeseniors’delayeddreamsareality.D.Torealizetheirowndelayeddreams.7.WhatmightVictorthinkofWAYafterthetrip?A.Itwasahomeforhim.B.Itwouldgainpopularity.C.It’smuchbetterthanbefore.D.Itmightbeownedbyhisson.8.Whatisthebesttitleofthearticle?A.SeniorsDeserveMoreCare.B.“WAY”forSeniors’DelayedDreams.C.AnActofKindness.D.Seniors’DreamComeTrue.Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏常州·高一校考期中Scientistswhostudyhappinessknowthatbeingkindtootherscanimprovehappiness.Actsassimpleasbuyingacupofcoffeeforsomeonecanbetteraperson’smood(心情),forexample.Everydaylifeaffordsmanychancesforsuchactions,yetpeopledonotalwaysmakeuseofthem.InasetofstudiespublishedonlineintheJournalofExperimentalPsychology:General,NickEpley,abehavioralscientist,andIexaminedapossibleexplanation.Wefoundthatpeoplewhoperformrandom(随机的)actsofkindnessdonotalwaysrealizehowmuchofaneffecttheyarehavingonanotherperson.Peopleusuallythinklittleofhowothersvaluetheseacts.Acrossourinvestigations,severalresultscameout.Forone,bothgiversandreceiversoftheactsofkindnesswereinmorepositivemoodsthanusualaftertheseexchanges.Foranother,itwasclearthatgiversundervalued(低估)theireffect;receiversfeltmuchbetterthanthekindgiversexpected.Thereceiversalsoreallyrecognizedtheseactsas“bigger”thanthepeopleperformingthemdid.Atfirst,westudiedactsofkindnessdoneforfamiliarpeople,suchasfriends,classmatesorfamily.Butlaterwefoundthatgiversundervaluedtheirpositiveeffectonstrangersaswell.Inoneexperiment,giversinapublicparkgaveawayhotchocolatetostrangersonacoldwinter’sday.Onceagain,theexperiencewasmorepositivethanthegiversexpectedforthereceivers.Whilethepeoplegivingthehotchocolatesawtheactasunimportant,itreallymatteredtothereceivers.Ourfindingssuggestthatwhatmightseemsmalltothegiverscouldmatteragreatdealtothereceivers.Sincethesewarmactscanpromoteourownmoodandbrightenthedayofanotherperson,whynotchoosekindnesswhenwecan?9.Whatdogiversseldomthinkabout?A.Commentsabouttheiracts.B.Effectsoftheiractsonothers.C.Scientists’explanation.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.Tasteofhappiness.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph3referto?A.Investigations.B.Moods.C.Acts.D.Exchanges.11.Whydoestheauthormention“gaveawayhotchocolatetostrangers”inparagraph4?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toproveafinding.C.Topresentafact.D.Toshowatopic.12.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WarmActsAreUsuallyValuedB.WarmActsAreNecessaryForPeopleC.KindnessCanHaveUnexpectedlyPositiveResultsD.KindnessCanUnexpectedlyBrightenOurOwnDay热点考向02人与社会—科普知识Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏镇江·高一统考期中Sometimeswemustadmitit:Readingisboring.Butpeoplewhothinksodon’tregardaudiobooksasashortcut,andtheyseemtoagreethatlisteningisaninferior(次等的)formofengagement(参与).Indeed,somestudieshaveshownthatpeoplewholistentobooksachievelessthanthosewhoreadthem.Aseasyasitistomultitaskwithaudiobooks,theformdoesmakeithardertoreturn,afteraspellofdistraction(分心),tothepassagewhereyourmindstartedtowander.Othersinsistthataudiobooksremovethereaders’responsibilitytounderstandsomethinglikeirony(讽刺),giventhatthepersonrecordingdoesthework.Accordingtothislogic,listeningtoaudiobooksisinferiorindeedbecauseitiseasier—becauseitlackstheelementofsufferingthatisincontrovertible(无可争议的)evidenceofaccomplishment.However,mostofuswerereadtobyadultsbeforewelearnedtoreadourselves,andlisteningtoaudiobooksrecallsthedelightofbeingtoldastory:Therhythmsoftheprose(散文)madeinahumanvoice;thedialogueanimatedthroughtheperformanceofaskillfulreader;theeasewithwhichoureyesarefreetomovesoastobetterimaginethedevelopmentoftheplot.Oralstorytellingpredates(早于)writingbythousandsofyears,andmanyoftheoldeststoriesexistedforcenturiesasbardictales(吟游诗)beforetheywereputdowninprint.Storytellingmayhaveappearedtodeepencommunitybondsormodelunfamiliarsituationsinwaysthatmighthaveincreasedchancesofsurvival.Butitseemstomethatthereexistsamoreobviousexplanationforwhyreadingoftenfeelssoboring:Mostbooksareverybad.Thevastmajorityofthemareuninspired,unconvincing,andpoorlywritten.Myadviceistobelessconcernedaboutthemediumandmorecarefulaboutthebooksyoupickup.Ifyoufindthatyourmindiswanderingorthatyou’renotabletofullyentertherealityofthestory,considerthatthismightbeaproblemwiththecontent.Audiobookshavesomedistinctadvantageswhenitcomestothis.It’seasiertoidentifyabadwriterwhenthebookisreadaloud.Mostofall,Iwouldurgeyoutotrustyourinstincts(直觉)—to“listen”.1.WhatdoweknowaboutlisteningtoaudiobooksaccordingtoParagraph1?A.Itisashortcuttoreplacereadingpaperbooks.B.Itweakensthesenseofaccomplishmentbyreducingsuffering.C.Peoplefacemoredistractionwhilelisteningtoaudiobooks.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 D.Peoplefeeliteasiertounderstandironyofaudiobooks.2.Whichisnotthedelightbroughtbybeingtoldastory?A.Thedialoguewithskillfulperformance.B.Theeasetopicturetheactionsofastory.C.Therhythmsoftheprosemadeinahumanvoice.D.Thefreedomtowalkaroundthebedroom.3.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Storytellingmighthavehelpedsurvive.B.Writinghasamuchlongerhistorythanstorytelling.C.Peoplepreferstorytellingowingtotheinstinctofimitation.D.Itwasbardictellerswhopasseddownthehistory.4.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Audiobooksareabsolutelybetterthanpaperbooks.B.Readingfeelsboringonlybecauseofabookitself.C.Themediumdoesn’tmatterwhenyoupickupabook.D.Thecontentsmaybetoblamewhenreadingfailstosatisfyreaders.Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏泰州·高一泰州中学校考期中Astudyofalmost2,700childrenagedbetweensevenandtenin38schoolsinBarceiona,Spain,firstresearchestheimpactoftrafficnoiseonchildcognitive(认知的)developmentovertime.Thechildreninthestudyareinacriticalstageforthedevelopmentofmemoryandattentionskill,whichareessentialtolearning.Theresearchfoundthatchildrenexposedtoaboutthreetimesmoretrafficinthestreetthanotherchildrenhadmemorydevelopmentthatwas23%slowerandattentionabilitydevelopment5%sloweroverayear.Noiseisthesecondmostdamagingenvironmentalfactortohealth,afterairpollution,and,forexample,wasalreadyknowntoincreaseheartattacksinadults.TheUNsaidthaturbannoisepollutionwasgrowingintoaglobalpublichealththreat,leadingto12,000earlydeathsayearintheEUaloneandaffectingmanycities.Butresearchontheimpactofroadnoiseonchildrenwaslimiteduntilnow.“Wedonotknowthatnoisecanactuallybetoxic(有害的)fromaphysicalpointofview,”saidDr.MariaForaster,fromtheBarcelonaInstituteforGlobalHealth,wholedthestudy.“Wethinkthatweadapttoit,butresearchhasshownthatwedon’tcompletely—westillhaveaphysiological(生理的)response.Theresearchrevealedthatpeaksofnoiseheardinsidetheclassroom,suchasthepassingofloudtrucks,hadmoreimpactthanahigheraveragelevelofnoise.Italsofoundhighernoiselevelsatschoolweremoredamagingthanathome.Prof.IroiseDumontheil,atBirkbeck,UniversityofLondon,UK,said,“Thiscarefullydesignedstudyprovidesconvincingevidence.ConsideringthatmanyEuropeanchildrenlivinginlargecitiesareexposedtohighroad-trafficnoiselevels,thisstudyhasimplicationsforpublicpolicytoreduceroad-trafficnoisenearschools.”Theresearchfollowspreviousworkthatshowedhigherlevelsofaircraftnoiseatschoolaffectedreadingcomprehensionandcognitivedevelopment.Next,theauthorssaid,theywouldliketoseetheirfindings学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 replicated(复制)indifferentcitiesandtowns,whereschoolsmaybebuiltdifferentlyandwindowsopenedmoreorlessoften.5.WhatcanwelearnfromMariaForaster’swords?A.Wearetroubledbynose.B.Welackconfidenceinherstudy.C.Wetryhardtoadapttonoise.D.Wearen’tfullyawareoftheharmofnoisetohumans.6.WhatisIroiseDumontheil’sattitudetowardsthestudy?A.Curious.B.Favorable.C.CautiousD.Unsatisfied.7.Whatmighttheresearchteamfocusonnext?A.Findingsolutionstoreducingnoise.B.Helpingstudentstorealizetheimpactofnoise.C.Confirmingtheirfindingsindifferentareas.D.Studyingthedifferencesbetweenvariousnoises.8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.PoliciesontrafficnoiseshouldbeimprovedB.Trafficnoiseslowschildren’smemorydevelopmentC.Trafficnoisehasagrowingimpactonpeople’shealthD.AttentionshouldbepaidtotheenvironmentaroundschoolsPassage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏苏州·高一统考期中FreeWi-Fihasbecomeincrediblyimportanttous:manystoresandshoppingmallsofferit,restaurantsuseittoattractcustomers,andforlibrariesandcoffeeshopsitisamust-haveservice.Evenwhenpeoplearetraveling,theyscanforfreeWi-Fi,which,accordingtoresearchreleasedbyLondon’sAmbaHotelonDec4,hasbecomethemostimportantstandardforselectingahotel.Accordingtothesurvey,asmanyas67percentoftravelersquestionedsaidthatfreeWi-Fiwouldmakethemmorelikelytochooseaccommodation,aboveotherthingssuchasthehotel’slocationandfriendlystaff.Whenratingahotelthatthey’dalreadystayedin,sixintentravelersbelievedthatunlimitedWi-Fiwasthemostimportantfactorintheirrating.“Today,peopletreattheirsmartphones,tabletsandlaptopslikeclotheswhentheyareabouttotraveltosomeplaces.Theywillneverforgettopackitintothesuitcase,”saidtheDailyMail.“WerelyonfreeWi-Fiheavilywhentraveling––especiallywhenitcomestocheckingsocialmedia,searchingfortraveltips,andaccessingwebsites.”However,despitetheopportunitiesthatfreeWi-Figivesus,“ourover-relianceontechnologyhascomeataprice,withtravelersfeelingunabletoescapesocialmedia”,saidLonelyPlanet,theworld’slargesttravelguidebrand.AnitaIsalska,LonelyPlaneteditorandtechaddict,wasforcedtounplugwhenshewasstuckinanisolated(隔绝的)campinGreenlandrecently.“Adjustingtothisslowerpace,itbegantodawnonme:somewhere,somehow,socialmediahadchangedintoareflex(条件反射),”shewrote.“IhadbelievedIwascapturing学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 moments,butinrealitymybusythumbswerepreventingmefromenjoyingtravel’smostprofoundpleasures.Howfullycanyouappreciateahugeglacierormeadow(草地)ofwildflowerswhenyourbrainissubconsciously(潜意识地)selectingtherightphotofilter(滤镜),ortheperfectsixsecondstofilm?”InSeptember,thebrandreleased10predictionsforthefutureofglobaltravel.Oneofthemwasthattrueescapeswillbehighlyvaluedinfuture,soremotehotelswillstarttomaketheirlackofInternetintoafeature.Wouldyouliketohaveanunpluggedholiday?9.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisarticle?A.Toargueagainstpeople’sover-relianceonWi-Fi.B.Topredictwhatglobaltravelwillbelikeinthefuture.C.Toprotestagainsttravelers’standardwhenselectingahotel.D.TostressthegrowingimportanceoffreeWi-Fiindailylives.10.WhydotravelersattachimportancetofreeWi-Fiwhenselectingahotel?A.TheybelievehotelswithfreeWi-Fiusuallyhavebetterlocations.B.TheythinkhotelswithfreeWi-Fiarelikelytoprovidebetterservice.C.TheydependonfreeWi-Fitochecksocialmediaandaccesswebsites.D.TheyhopetoenjoymoreprofoundpleasureswhileusingfreeWi-Fi.11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“unplug”inParagraph6probablymean?A.Checksocialmedia.B.Calloffatravellingplan.C.Appreciatebeautifulscenery.D.Disconnectfromdigitaldevices.12.WhatisthelessonAnitaIsalskalearnedfromtheisolatedcampsheattendedinGreenlandrecently?A.Travelersshouldadapttoaslowerpacewhencheckingsocialmedia.B.Addictiontosocialmediahasnegativelyaffectedthequalityoftravel.C.Travelersshouldtakemorephotosandvideosduringtheirjourneys.D.Beautifulscenerycouldbeappreciatedbetteriffilmsareshotcautiously.热点考向03人与社会--社会问题与社会现象Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一扬州中学校考期中It’seasytobelievethatrobotsarestealingjobsfromhumanworkersandbadlyaffectthejobmarket;afterall,you’velikelyheardthattheyaretrackingandmovingpackageswithouttheuseofhumanhands.Butthere’snoneedtoworryaboutarobottakeoverjustyet,saysanewstudyfromBYUsociologyprofessorEricDahlin.Dahlin’sresearchfoundthatrobotsaren’treplacinghumansattheratemostpeoplethink,butpeoplearelikelytogreatlyexaggerate(夸大)therateofrobottakeover.Tounderstandtherelationshipbetweenjoblossandrobots,Dahlinsurveyednearly2,000peopleabouttheirviewsonjobsbeingreplacedbyrobots.Theywerefirstaskedtoguesswhatisthepercentageofemployeeswhoseemployershavereplacedjobswithrobots.Theywerethenaskedwhethertheiremployershaveeverreplacedtheirjobswithrobots.Thestudyfoundthatonly14%ofworkerssaythey’veseentheirjobreplacedbyarobot.Butthosewhohaveexperiencedjobdisplacementduetoarobotoverstatetheeffectofrobotstakingjobsfromhumansbyaboutthreetimes.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 “Ourunderstandingofrobotstakingoverjobsisgreatlyexaggerated,”saysDahlin.Thosewhohaven’tlostjobsoverstateitbyaboutdouble,andthosewhohavelostjobsoverstateitbyaboutthreetimes.Eye-catchingheadlinessayingabadfutureofemploymenthavelikelyoverblownthesituationofrobotstakingoverjobs.Thefindingfitsearlystudies,whichsuggestthatrobotsaren’treplacingworkers.Rather,workplaces,wherebothemployeesandrobotsareworkingtogether,delivermorevalueinaway.“Aneverydayexampleisanautonomousmachineatyourlocaldepartmentstore,”saysDahlin.“Thisrobotcleansthefloorswhileemployeescleanundershelvesorotherdifficult-to-reachplaces.”1.HowdidEricDahlincarryouthisresearch?A.Byaskingpeoplequestions.B.Bycomparingearlystudies.C.Byinterviewingemployers.D.Bystudyingnewbusinesses.2.Whatmightaddtopeople’sworryaboutrobottakeoveraccordingtothetext?A.Lowpay.B.Physicalhealth.C.Newsreports.D.Fewerworkplaces.3.WhichstatementwillEricDahlinprobablyagreewith?A.Robotscanworkashumanpartners.B.Jobmarketswillbeaffectedseriously.C.Allhumanworkerswillbereplaced.D.Workexperiencematterstoomuch.Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏南京·高一校联考期中Thetimeapersonspendsondifferentsmartphoneappsisenoughtoidentifythemfromalargergroupinmorethanoneinthreecases,sayresearchers.Researchersanalyzedsmartphonedatafrom780people.Theyfed4,680daysofappusagedataintostatisticalmodels.Eachofthesedayswaspairedwithoneofthe780userssothatthemodelslearnedpeople’sdailyappusepatterns.Theresearchersthentestedwhethermodelscouldidentifyanindividualwhenprovidedwithonlyasingledayofsmartphoneactivitythatwasanonymous(匿名的).Themodels,whichweretrainedononlysixdaysofappusagedataperperson,couldidentifythecorrectpersonfromadayofanonymousdataonethirdofthetime.Thatmightnotsoundlikemuch,butwhenthemodelspredictwhothedatabelongedto,itcouldalsoprovidealistofthemosttotheleastlikelycandidates.Itwaspossibletoviewthetop10mostlikelyindividualsthataspecificdayofdatabelongedto.Around75%ofthetime,thecorrectuserwouldbeamongthetop10mostlikelyindividuals.Inpracticalterms,alawenforcement(执法机构)investigationseekingtoidentifyacriminal’snewphonewiththesemodelscouldreduceacandidatepoolofapproximately1,000phonesto10phones,witha25%riskofmissingthem.Consequently,theresearcherswarnthatsoftwaregivenaccesstoasmartphone’sstandardactivityloggingcouldmakeareasonablepredictionaboutauser’sidentityevenwhentheywerelogged-outoftheiraccount.Anidentificationispossiblewithoutmonitoringconversationsorbehaviorswithinappsthemselves.Therefore,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatappusagedataalone,whichisoftencollectedbyasmartphoneautomatically,canpotentiallyrevealaperson’sidentity.Whileprovidingnewopportunitiesforlawenforcement,italsoposesriskstoprivacyifthistypeofdataismisused.4.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Toexplainandevelopment.B.Topresentaresearchfinding.C.Toshowaresearchprocess.D.Toconfirmanassumption.5.Howdidtheresearchersreachtheirconclusion?A.Byrecordingappusetime.B.Bycomparingdifferentapps.C.Bystudyingappusagedata.D.Bychangingappusepatterns.6.Whatisthefunctionofthestatisticalmodels?A.Locatingcriminals.B.Trackingusageofapps.C.Predictingtrendsofapps.D.Recognizingphoneusers.7.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsappusagedata?A.SupportiveB.Cautious.C.Doubtful.D.Uninterested.Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏苏州·高一苏州中学校考期中Weallknowthatunpleasantfeelingwhenwe’retalkingaboutsomethinginterestingandhalfwaythroughoursentencewe’reinterrupted(打断).Butwasthatreallyaninterruption?Theanswerdependsonwhomyouask,accordingtonewresearchledbyKatherineHiltonfromStanfordUniversity.Usingasetofcontrolledaudioclips,Hiltonsurveyed5,000AmericanEnglishspeakerstobetterunderstandwhataffectspeople’sperceptionsofinterruptions.Shehadparticipantslistentoaudioclipsandthenanswerquestionsaboutwhetherthespeakersseemedtobefriendlyandengaged,listeningtooneanother,ortryingtointerrupt.HiltonfoundthatAmericanEnglishspeakershavedifferentconversationalstyles.Sheidentifiedtwogroups:highandlowIntensityspeakers.Highintensityspeakersaregenerallyuncomfortablewithmomentsofsilenceinconversationandconsidertalkingatthesametimeasignofengagement.Lowintensityspeakersfinditrudetotalkatthesametimeandpreferpeoplespeakoneafteranotherinconversation.Thedifferencesinconversationalstylesbecameobviouswhenparticipantslistenedtoaudioclipsinwhichtwopeoplespokeatthesametimebutwereagreeingwitheachotherandstayedontopic,Hiltonsaid.Thehighintensitygroupreportedthatconversationswherepeoplespokeatthesametimewhenexpressingagreementwerenotinterruptivebutengagedandfriendlierthantheconversationswithmomentsofsilenceinbetweenspeakingturns.Incontrast,thelowintensitygroupperceivedanyamountofsimultaneous(同时)chatasarudeinterruption,regardlessofwhatthespeakersweresaying.“Peoplecareaboutbeinginterrupted,andthosesmallinterruptionscanhaveamassiveeffectontheoverallcommunication,”Hiltonsaid.“Breakingapartwhataninterruptionmeansisessentialifwewanttounderstandhowhumansinteractwitheachother.”8.WhatdoesHilton’sresearchfocuson?A.Whatinterruptionsmeantopeople.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 B.Whetherinterruptionisgoodornot.C.Howtoavoidgettinginterrupted.D.Whyspeakersinterrupteachother.9.Whatdoparticipantsofthestudyneedtodo?A.Recordanaudioclip.B.Answersomequestions.C.Listentooneanother.D.Haveachatwithafriend.10.Whatdolowintensityspeakersthinkofsimultaneouschat?A.It’simportant.B.It’sinterestingC.It’sinefficient.D.It’simpolite.11.WhatcanwelearnfromHilton’sresearch?A.Conversationalstylesaffectperceptionsofinterruptions.B.Communicationistheverybasisofoureverydaylife.C.Interruptionsduringconversationscontributetothinking.D.Languagebarrierswillalwaysexistregardlessofthecontent.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司