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2Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=ᓄ⚪ஹ᪗⚪ᓛ$(1)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitablebeadingfromtheUstA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]SetaGoodExampleforYourKids[B]BuildYourKids'WorkSkills[C]PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities[D]TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis[E]HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies[F]HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre[G]BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadulfsneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcalluwork-lifeunreadiness.^^41Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.1
3QẆ〈42Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels—asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea."Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.43Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.44Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.45Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.2
4Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.3
5 ᓺ᱐ᵫூ@AὃẆB⚣ᦻEᧇGூIJKLMNOGQRூSTUV@AὃẆW⚪EᧇB⚣GூIJKLMNOSTXY@AὃẆ⚜[ᔁGூIJKLMNOGQRூSTUV ᓺ᱐ᵫூ
6QẆ⍩(2)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Livelikeapeasant[B]Balanceyourdiet[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends[D]Remembertotreatyourself[E]Sticktowhatyouneed[F]Planningiseverything[G]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000ayearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbestrestaurantsatleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious.€*Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging—notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-c 7Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=42.____________Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43.____________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-thafsnotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto“gooff,willbecookedorjuiced.44.______________Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfishLsellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot.Theywillletyouhaveforfree.45.____________Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant—£1.75aweekfbrthreemonthsgivesyou£21—morethanenoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.Ifs£16.95there—or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.5 8(3)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitablebeadingfromtbelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Justsayit[B]Bepresent[C]Payauniquecompliment[D]Name,places,things[E]Findthe"metoo^s[F]Skipthesmalltalk[G]AskforanopinionFivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.41.Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon'tknowandsomethingwithinyousays“Iwanttotalkwiththisperson“thisissomethingthatmostlyhappenswithallofus.Youwanttosaysomething—thefirstword—butitjustwon'tcomeout.Itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere.Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvice:justgetitout.Justthink:whatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon'ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarenottalkingwithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:"Hi""Hey"oruHellon—dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay"Hi”.6 9Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=42.___________________Itisaproblemallofusface;youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof"hi","hello","howareyou?”andctwhatisgoingon?”youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthatcanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon'tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,youUlbesurprisedtoseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.43.___________________Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you'llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.44.___________________Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Makeeyecontact.Trustme,eyecontactiswhereallthemagichappens.Whenyoumakeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.45.____________________Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn*tthatawkward!Sorememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapstheplacestheyhavebeento,theplacestheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethingstheyhate—whateveryoutalkabout.Whenyouremembersuchthingsyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheirwellbeing.Sotheyfeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.Thafsit.Fiveamazingwaysthatyoucanmakeconversationwithalmostanyone.Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!7 10(4)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosetbemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Besilly[B]Havefim[C]Askforhelp[D]Expressyouremotions[E]Don'toverthinkit[F]Beeasilypleased[G]NoticethingsAsadults,itseemsthatwe'reconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart—andfbrthemostparttheydon'tneedself-helpbooksortherapy.Instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctively,andusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsit'stimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem.41.____________________Whatdoesachilddowhenhe'ssad?Hecries.Whenhe'sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon'tdictateourbehaviours,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.Thafsaboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatweneedtodoisfindawaytoacknowledgeandexpresswhatwefeelappropriately,andthen-again,likechildren—moveon.42.____________________AcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowas9yearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanT-shirtfbrChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasovegoyed,andcouldn'tstoptalkingaboutit.Toooftenwebelievethatanewjob,biggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshavelittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulfbrsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprovewellbeing.8 11Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=43.__________________Haveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodies,increasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandevenhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfection.Allofwhichwould,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonourhappinesslevels.44.___________________Theproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatthere*sanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwithwork,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandit'simportantthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingswelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompletelyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)——itdoesn'tmatter,solongasthey'reenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdrinkingtoomuchalcoholorgoingonawildspendingspreeifyou'reonatightbudget.45.__________________Havingsaidalloftheabove,ifsimportanttoaddthatweshouldn'ttrytoohardtobehappy.Scientiststellusthiscanbackfireandactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonourwellbeing.AstheChinesephilosopherChuangTzuisreportedtohavesaid:"Happinessistheabsenceofstrivingforhappiness."Andinthat,oncemore,weneedtolooktotheexampleofourchildren,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanaturalbyproductofthewaytheylive.9 12QẆ&ஹ⊡ᐰ)ᦻ(1)Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromtbelistA-Gtofitintoofthenumberedblanktherearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.Canada'spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.41.________Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare-tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts-recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.42.________But“national“doesn'thavetomeanthat."National“couldmeaninterprovincial—provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national“organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince—negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.10 13Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.43.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.Thafsonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.44.PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow,sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:"Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.11 14OẆ⍗[A]Quebec'sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec'sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent![B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport:"thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”[C]Whatdoes“national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.[D]Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstitutefbrHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninteqjrovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainfbrbetterdrugprices.[G]Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.12 15Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=(2)Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45%choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,thoseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls^electronicheroin”.(41).In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams'sgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions^^letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehavior,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42).TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:uEnjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,Mintentionallyworkedto"lure"himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill.**Well.13 16OẆᙌ(43).ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays4 17Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=[G]Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconducivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?15 18Ẇ⍩(3)Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotStinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackfbreachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)Thisdoesn't,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage-includingfbrtextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns—debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsfbrandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.16 19Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.17 20OẆ7(4)Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fto6tintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,wbicbdonotfitinanyoftbeblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.Morethan40millionAmericansbetweentheagesof5and18attendschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates.About2millionschool-agechildrenaretaughtathome.___41___.Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolers,perceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.___42___.Somepublicschoolshavemovedclosertotolerance,and,eveninsomecases,areseekingcooperationwithhomeschoolers.ctWearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Let'sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey'Useeit'snotasterribleasthey'vebeentold,andthey'llwanttocomeback,nsaysJohnMarshall,aneducationofficial.Perhaps,butdon'tcountonit,sayhome-schooladvocates.Somehomeschoolersopposethatpublicschoolsystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation-whetherfueledbyreligiousbeliefortheindividualchild'sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.___43___"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto4takeresponsibility,fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient,MsaysVanGallon.ButHowardCarol,spokesmanforAmerica'slargestteachersunion,arguesthathomeschoolingparentsaretryingtohidetheirchildrenfromtherealworld.<4Maybewearegoingtorunintopeoplewithproblems,peoplethathaveadrugproblem,peoplethathaveanalcoholproblem,andteenagepregnancy.44___.Butshieldingthechildrenfromtherealmixofwhathappenseverydayisdenyingthemsomethingthattheyaregoingtoneedlaterinlife.nMr.Carolalsoquestionedthecompetenceofparentsasteachersthoughheadmittedthatsomehomeschoolersdobetteracademically.uWewanttomakesurethatastudentisnotdeniedthefullrangeofcurriculumexperiencesandappropriatematerials,especiallynowwiththenewtechnologythatisbeingintroducedandthecostsinvolvedthere.”“Thesuccessofhomeschoolinghasbeendocumentedinstandardizedtestscoresadministeredbypublicschoolofficials,MsaysFrankBernet,theexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofCollegeAdmissionCouncilors."45___*'Theresponsefromhomeschoolers:"Wehavetriedthat.Nowit'stimetostrikeoutonourown.”18 21Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=[A]Yet,aspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulation,thehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.[B]Schoolshavebannedcupcakes,issuedobesityreportcardsandclearedspaceincafeteriasforsaladbars.[C]Whilehomeschoolingoffersanalternativetotheschoolenvironment,ithasbecomeacontroversialissue.[D]Otherhomeschoolerscontend“notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresy,butthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinapp^opriately.^^[E]Iknowwhytheyaredoingit,butIwonderwhytheycan'tworkwithschoolofficialsandteacherstomaketheschoolwhattheywantittobe.[F]Theideathatabigbabyisahealthybaby,andacryingbabyisprobablyahungrybabywhoshouldbefed,arethingswereallyneedtorethink.[G]Wehavemanyproblemsthathappeninoursocietyandmanyofthechildrenarevictims.19 22eẆὶ+ஹ,. 1Directions:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferencefbreatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegments20 23Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=ofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain-aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,fbrthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.41.-42.—43.144.—►E—>45.21 24QẆফDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-GtofilliDgthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Ybucan,Mr.Menandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,uthegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyformasortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor'sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequirefewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingfbrwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.22 25Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMr.Menand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable."Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.^Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic/,Yetquitehowthathappens,Mr.Menanddosenotsay.[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.G—>41.—>42.—>E—>43.—►44.—►45.23 26QẆ(3)Directions:Tbefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable-forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity'svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.[C]Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopancollapsed.24 27Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughnibbleintheValleyoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforebelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvanscombedantiquedealers'storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans'sinterpretationsoftheseengravingseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knosos),ontheislandofCrete,in1900.[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Two-andthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.41.—►A—*42.—►E—►43.—*44.—►45.25 28eẆ⍗(4)Directions:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-GtoOilingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespectandunderstanding—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win"anargument.[B]Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofsuchfallaciestooquickly.Thenweneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessesinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.[C]Noneofthiswillbeeasy,butyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitionslike,say,tennistournaments.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonevictoremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.26 29Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=[E]Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyonewaytogetthebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.[F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Ybucancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.[G]Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,'*NoJneitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.41.-►42.->F->43.-*44.—►C—>45.27 30ᓄ⚪&ஹ᪗⚪ᓛ$(1)Directions:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextChoosetbemostsuitableheadingfromtbelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]SetaGoodExampleforYourKids[B]BuildYourKids'WorkSkills[C]PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities[D]TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis[E]HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies[F]HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre[G]BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall<€work-lifeunreadiness?,Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.4228 31Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels—asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea."Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafbggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.43Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.44Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercunentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.29 32cẆd(2)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Livelikeapeasant[B]Balanceyourdiet[C]Shopkeepersareyourfiriends[D]Remembertotreatyourself[E]Sticktowhatyouneed[F]Planningiseverything[G]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000ayearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon,sbestrestaurantsatleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious.uThecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butifsstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-utherearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfbod"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfbodies.41.__________Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.1haveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:ifsnotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.4230 33Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there*snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer—that'snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto“gooflP'willbecookedorjuiced.44______________Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfishLsellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot.Theywillletyouhaveforfree.45_____________Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant—£1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou£21—morethanenoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.Ifs£16.95there—or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat. 34 ᓺ᱐ᵫூ@AὃẆB⚣ᦻEᧇGூIJKLMNOGQRூSTUV@AὃẆW⚪EᧇB⚣GூIJKLMNOSTXY@AὃẆ⚜[ᔁGூIJKLMNOGQRூSTUV ᓺ᱐ᵫூ 35MẆবDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Justsayit[B]Bepresent[C]Payauniquecompliment[D]Name,places,things[E]Findthe“metoons[F]Skipthesmalltalk[G]AskforanopinionFivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.41.___________________Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon'tknowandsomethingwithinyousays“Iwanttotalkwiththisperson”—thisissomethingthatmostlyhappenswithallofus.Youwanttosaysomething—thefirstword—butitjustwon'tcomeout.Itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere.Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvice:justgetitout.Justthink:whatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon'ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarenottalkingwithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:"Hi","Hey"or"HeUo"—dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay"Hi”.42.____________________32 36Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=Itisaproblemallofusface;youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof“hi","hello","howareyou?”and**whatisgoingon?”youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthatcanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon'tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,you'llbesurprisedtoseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.43.___________________Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you'llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.44.___________________Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfbrtheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Makeeyecontact.Trustme,eyecontactiswhereallthemagichappens.Whenyoumakeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.45.___________________Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn'tthatawkward!Sorememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapstheplacestheyhavebeento,theplacestheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethingstheyhate-whateveryoutalkabout.Whenyouremembersuchthingsyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheirwellbeing.Sotheyfeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.That'sit.Fiveamazingwaysthatyoucanmakeconversationwithalmostanyone.Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!33 37cẆ⍩(4)Directions:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.[A]Besilly[B]Havefun[C]Askforhelp[D]Expressyouremotions[E]Don'toverthinkit[F]Beeasilypleased[G]NoticethingsAsadults,itseemsthatwe'reconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart—andforthemostparttheydon'tneedself-helpbooksortherapy.Instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctively,andusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsifstimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem.41.___________________Whatdoesachilddowhenhe'ssad?Hecries.Whenhe'sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon,tdictateourbehaviours,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That'saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatweneedtodoisfindawaytoacknowledgeandexpresswhatwefeelappropriately,andthen—again,likechildren-moveon.42.__________________AcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowas9yearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanT-shirtforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasoverjoyed,andcouldn'tstoptalkingaboutit.Toooftenwebelievethatanewjob,biggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshavelittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprovewellbeing.43.___________________34",—. 38Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=Haveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodies,increasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandevenhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfection.Allofwhichwould,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonourhappinesslevels.44.___________________Theproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatthere'sanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwith-work,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandifsimportantthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingswelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompletelyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)—itdoesn'tmatter,solongasthey'reenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdrinkingtoomuchalcoholorgoingonawildspendingspreeifyou'reonatightbudget.45.___________________Havingsaidalloftheabove,it'simportanttoaddthatweshouldn'ttrytoohardtobehappy.Scientiststellusthiscanbackfireandactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonourwellbeing.AstheChinesephilosopherChuangTzuisreportedtohavesaid:"Happinessistheabsenceofstrivingforhappiness."Andinthat,oncemore,weneedtolooktotheexampleofourchildren,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanaturalbyproductofthewaytheylive.35 39&ஹ/0ᓛ$(1)DirectinsReadthefollowingtextandanswerquestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintheleftcolumn.Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovemmenfsroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose“fiattaxes“onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigaretteLstylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedthegovernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfirst-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproducerssuchanMcDonald's.TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain'saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPediatricsandChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustandamagingassmokingorexcessivedrinking.“Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokingintheworkplaceorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?IwouldsuggestthatweshouldbeJsaidtheleaderoftheUK'schildren'sdoctors.Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralroleintheChange41ifecampaign,thecenterpieceofgovernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticizedthecelebritychefJamieOliver'shigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhow“lecturing“peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheirbehavior.StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsfbrfoodshighinfat,saltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas.uIfwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettesbysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportevents/*hesaid.36 40Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald's,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering“inducements”suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.ProfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:"Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.MHealsourgedcouncilstoimpose^fast-food-freezones“aroundschoolsandhospitals-areaswithintakeawayscannotopen.ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonsaid:"Weneedtocreateanewvisionforpublichealthwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.Thisincludescreatinganew'responsibilitydeal'withbusiness,builtonsocialresponsibility,notstateregulation.Laterthisyear,wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis.”Thefoodindustrywillbealarmedthatsuchseniordoctorsbacksuchradicalmoves,especiallythecalltousesomeofthetoughtacticsthathavebeendeployedagainstsmokingoverthelastdecade.[A]"fattaxes"shouldbeimposedonfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald's.[B]thegovernmentshouldbanfast-fbodoutletsin41.AndrewLansleyheldthattheneighborhoodofschools.[C]"lecturing“asaneffectivewaytoimprove42.TerenceStephensonagreedthatschoollunchesinEngland.[D]cigarette-stylewarningsshouldbeintroducedto43.JamieOliverseemedtoBelievethatchildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.[E]theproducersofcrispsandcandiescould44.DineshBhugrasuggestedthatcontributesignificantlytotheChange4LifeCampaign.45.ADepartmentofHealth[F]parentsshouldsetgoodexamplesfortheirSpokespersonproposedthatchildrenbykeepingahealthydietathome.[G]thegovernmentshouldstrengthenthesenseofresponsibilityamongbusinesses.37 41cẆ⍗ফDirections Readtbefollowingtextandanswerquestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintbeleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintheleftcolumn.Theworldeconomyhasrunintoabrickwall.Despitecountlesswarningsinrecentyearsabouttheneedtoaddressaloominghungercrisisinpoorcountriesandaloomingenergycrisisworldwide,worldleadersfailedtothinkahead.Theresultisaglobalfoodcrisis.Wheat,comandricepriceshavemorethandoubledinthepasttwoyears,andoilpriceshavemorethantripledsincethestartof2004.Thesefood-priceincreasescombingwithsoaringenergycostswillslowifnotstopeconomicgrowthinmanypartsoftheworldandwillevenunderminepoliticalstability,asevidencedbytheprotestriotsthathaveeruptedinplaceslikeHaiti,BangladeshandBurkinaFaso.Practicalsolutionstothesegrowingwoesdoexist,butwe'llhavetostartthinkingaheadandactingglobally.Thecrisishasitsrootsinfourinterlinkedtrends.Thefirstisthechronicallylowproductivityoffarmersinthepoorestcountries,causedbytheirinabilitytopayforseeds,fertilizersandirrigation.ThesecondisthemisguidedpolicyintheU.S.andEuropeofsubsidizingthediversionoffoodcropstoproducebiofuelslikecom-basedethanol.Thethirdisclimatechange;taketherecentdroughtsinAustraliaandEurope,whichcuttheglobalproductionofgrainin2005and2006.Thefourthisthegrowingglobaldemandforfoodandfeedgrainsbroughtonbyswellingpopulationsandincomes.Inshort,risingdemandhashitalimitedsupply,withthepoortakingthehardestblow.So,whatshouldbedone?Herearethreestepstoeasethecurrentcrisisandavertthepotentialforaglobaldisaster.Thefirstistoscale-upthedramaticsuccessofMalawi,afamine-pronecountryinsouthernAfrica,whichthreeyearsagoestablishedaspecialfundtohelpitsfarmersgetfertilizerandhigh-yieldseeds.Malawi'sharvestdoubledafterjustoneyear.AninternationalfundbasedontheMalawimodelwouldcostamere$10perpersonannuallyintherichworld,or$10billioninall.SuchafundcouldfighthungeraseffectivelyastheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TBandmalariaiscontrollingthosediseases.Second,theU.S.andEuropeshouldabandontheirpoliciesofsubsidizingtheconversionoffoodintobiofuels.TheU.S.governmentgivesfarmersataxpayer-financedsubsidyof51centspergalofethanoltodivertcomfromthefoodandfeed-grainsupply.Theremaybeacaseforbiofuelsproducedonlandsthatdonotproducefbods-treecrops(likepalmoil),grassesandwoodproducts-butthere*snocasefordolingoutsubsidiestoputtheworld'sdinnerintothegastank.Third,weurgentlyneedtoweatherprooftheworld'scropsassoonandaseffectivelyaspossible.Forapoorfarmer,sometimessomethingassimpleasafarmpond-whichcollectsrainwatertobeusedforemergencyirrigationinadryspell—canmakethedifierencebetweenabountifulcropandafamine.38 42Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=TheworldhasalreadycommittedtoestablishingaClimateAdaptationFundtohelppoorregionsclimate-proofvitaleconomicactivitiessuchasfoodproductionandhealthcarebuthasnotyetuponthepromise.[A]poorcountries41.Anti-hungercampaignsaresuccessfulin[B]alltheworld42.Productionofbiofuelsaresubsidizedin[C]theClimateAdaptationFund[D]theGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TBand43.ProtestriotsoccurredinMalaria44.Theeffortswerenotsosuccessfulwith[E]Bangladesh45.Foodshortagebecomemoreseriousin[F]Malawi[G]theUSandEurope39 43QẆfᓄ ὃẆὃ34᪆@ὃẆhḍjஹὃẆᭆ21.ᜧl⌕n()o⌕ὃpὃqrsᳮuᭆvᡈx᪀zRᩖḄᦻ}ᩞᧇḄ⌕nὃq▅400ḄᦻGᐸ5cᑖ(150)ᡂiG⌕nᦻrsஹஹᐳ10ᑖDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET.WWIIwasthewatershedeventfbrhighereducationinmodemwesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3 5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofgoingtouniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidlythoughunevenlyinthe70sand80s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountriesofWesternEuropethenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinTve-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,ortenyearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthis,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.Forexampleahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenaverylargeproportionofallthemembersofaninstitutionarenewrecruits,theythreatentooverwhelmtheprocesseswherebyrecruitstoamoreslowlygrowingsystemareinductedintoitsvaluesystemandlearnitsnormsandforms.Whena40 44Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=facultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,5to20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,and(49)whenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfiteshfh)mpostgraduatestudythentheylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thenthestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation:theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareinductedintoacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthesixtiesandseventiesofthelastcentury,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.Theyalsosawhigherlevelsofstudentdiscontent,reflectingtheweakeningoftraditionalformsofacademiccommunities.( )ὃpὃqᳮuᡠᩞᧇᐸᡂḄ⌕nᦻrsஹஹ⌕nὃq▅ஹᳮuO150Ḅcᡈc,Gᐸᐰᡂᐳ15ᑖDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersareourbiggestsourcesofconnection,laughterandwarmth.Whilethatmaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthatinteractingwithstrangersactuallybringsaboostinmoodandfeelingsofbelongthatwedidn'texpect.Inourseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicagoareacommutersusingpublictransportationtostrikeupaconversationwithsomeonenearthem.Onaverage,participantswhofollowedtheinstructionfeltbetterthanthosewhohadbeentoldtostandorsitinsilence.Thesesearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteractionwithstrangers,itisoftenduetoamisplacedanxietythattheymightnotwanttotalktous.Muchofthetime,however,thisbeliefisfalse.Asitturnsout,manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalk-----andmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyourattention.41 45MẆ⍩2.⌱ᩞ¢ᩭ¤i20102)22 ()3!"ᑖᦻ%&ᜐ()*⚪ᦻ%ᩭ-2010. 46Ẇ⌶ᨵ:;<=3.²ᑖ᪗r³ὃq᪗rÙÚo⌕ὃpὃqrsᳮuᭆvᡈx᪀zRᩖḄᦻ}ᩞᧇḄ⌕nὃq▅400Ḅᦻ,ᐸ5cᑖ150ᡂG⌕nᦻrsஹஹᐳ10ᑖÙ ÚὃpὃqᳮuᡠᩞᧇᐸᡂḄ⌕nᦻrsஹஹ⌕nὃq▅ஹᳮuO150Ḅcᡈc,Gᐸᐰᡂᐳ15ᑖ1rs:¶ᔠᦻ¸¹º»¼:Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentA.½¾ᨵ¿ᦋ⌼ÂB.½¾ᨵ¿ᦋÄÂC.½¾ᨵ¿ᦋᗐÂD.½¾ᨵ¿〉ÇÂE.½¾ᨵᦋ⌼ÂḄ¼LIhavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.A.ᡃÉÊËÌᜫ¿ÎÏÐѪÒÓÔḄÕÑB.ᡃÉÊËÌᜫ¿ÎÏÐѪÒÓÔḄ©᰿C.ᡃÉÊËÌᜫ¿ÎÏÐ᯿ᱏÒÓÔḄᕡÚD.ᡃÉÊËÌᜫ¿ÎÏÐѪÒÓÔḄÛᕡE.ᡃÉÊËÌᜫ¿ÎÏÐѪÒÓÔḄÜÝ2KÞ¶ᔠßàGᑏ“½â”¼LWetriedinvaintopersuadehimtogiveuphiswrongbelief.ᡃãGä¿GåæᙢGèéêGëìêḄ┯î/vA.ᡃãåæᙢäéïêëì┯î/vB.ᡃãäèéêëì┯îḄ/vGåæᙢC.ᡃãäèéêëì┯îḄ/vGᯠñòåæᙢD.ᡃãäèéêëì┯îḄ/vGóôᨵᡂõ43 47öẆ÷(3)LÞøùúûGüḄᑖGýᡂcḄùú¼LTheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.[20046⚪]A.ÿ ᪀ᨵ᪷™ᙠ ᨵᶧ!"##$B.&'᪀()*ᨵὶ,-./0ᑮ 23ᙠ /40ᑮ5Ḅ$᪵ឋC.&'᪀9)*:ᐵ.ᙠ 0ᑮḄ$᪵ឋ <2/ᙠ=᪷54.>ᑖ@ᑣB CD2Eᑖ▅ᔁHIJ KLMᑖᡂ34KDᑖ2ᢥ2PᑖQSTᦻVWXY5ZᦻḄ4ᨬ$P0.5ᑖB\Cᑖ^Pᑖ_ (0-4ᑖ)Cab-cḄdTZᦻLaefg_\(5-8ᑖ)dTahijgᨵVW┯TஹmTg_n(9-12ᑖ)CdTopijg⊤rstHuvwxyᜧ┯TஹmTg_{(13-15ᑖ)CdTij⊤rHu|ᨵ┯TmT(1)SLMTᦻVWXYEᑖa})0.5ᑖ(2)ὃ K⚪KᡈὅKTᙳjPᑖgSᐸ KTᨵ┯ᢥ┯T>ᑖ(3)ᦻ┯aKᡷᑖᢥᡷᑖnK┯ᡷ0.5ᑖ44 48Ẇ⌶ᨵ5.⚪¡¢20ᑖ£_ ¡C▅¤ὃ¥ᑁ§*B Ḅ©ªa◤⌕H¤ᐰᦻ◀5wxa0Ḅ¯°± ²³´ᡈᢣ¶¯·ᦻ¸¹ᢣ¶ᑁ§_\¡Cᑖ᪆LM᪀_n¡C»ᑖ¼ᔠ_{¡C¾ᦻu¿ÀÁÂᵹHuTheyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.[2012B\Ä⚪]45 49QÆ⍩\ஹdTὃ2È᪆1.¯°ᜧÛÜݨÛÜÝÜ.Þupsideßàáâtotheeffectthat/forgood/assuchãᨵåÜ(1)ÉClinton/Galileo/Darwin/Beethoven/Pearson/Whorf/Allen/Chomsky/Plato/Newton/Aristotle/Einstein/Shakespeare/MarkTwain/TedNing(2) ÉÊ Greece/Greek/Australia/Britain(3)ᙢÉEngland/Scotland/Wales/SiliconValley/Washington/NewYork/Seattle/Chicago/(4)ÌÉMaine/Georgia/Victoria(5)ÍÎÉAtlantic/Pacific(6)ÉAsia/Europe(7)Ï᪀ÉGoogle/Broadway/WHO/WTO(8)ÐÑÉNewScientistÜÝᢈçÜÞ⌱éNowyouhaveanopportunitytodevelopagreaterunderstandingofeachother.Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.[2004º⚪]Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastepfurtheranddevelopedthefirstubraintrainingprogram“designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmentalsharpness.[2014º⚪]Researchersexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugsontheparticipants,susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeingexposedtothevirus.[2017M⚪]46 50Ẇ⌶ᨵឋᣚWeshouldputemphasisontheanalysisoftheculturenowandpast.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft—allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.2.LÒ᪀ 1 ⌕ὃ60%ë:Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.[2013º⚪]dTÓ:ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.[2012 º⚪]AccordingtoBen-Shahar,realisticoptimistsarethosewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeverythinghappensforthebest.[2014 º⚪]IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticí3îïwayaboutmoralproblems.[2006º⚪]47 51Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.[2005º⚪](2)ðñòëWhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.[2011 º⚪]Xó:Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.[2009º⚪]Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.[2004º⚪]whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:"WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”[2011º⚪]Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.[2006º⚪]48 52Ẇ⌶ᨵWhenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.[2012 º⚪](3)ឋëWhowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld'sairlinesdo—roughly2percentofallCO2emissions?[2011⚪:Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.2012º⚪ôHavingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthrougheverydayactionandchoice.[2010 º⚪ô1alsorememberthatthemusicalHairopenedonBroadwayonthesameday-theybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway.[2013 º⚪](4)ᑡ 49 53Ẇ〈“Sustainability“hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.[2010 º⚪]Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.[2011 º⚪]Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek.[2013 º⚪](5)ofö᪀XóTraditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.[2007º⚪]Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.[2007º⚪]hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.[2008º⚪]Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.[2011(º⚪]50 54Ẇ⌶ᨵ(6)ᱯÖ᪀(᎔ÙஹÚᐭஹܾஹᔲÞ)Idon'tthinkit'sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.[2013 º⚪]Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.[2014(º⚪]Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.[2006º⚪]Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare------thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts------andrevealitserroneousnature.[2011(——º⚪]Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed------andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.[2005º⚪]51 55nஹÄ⚪ßB 2018àÄ⚪Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewfbrmsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolsorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)ButtheprofessionalconwaniesprosDeredintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicDlayhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramafbrthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimefbrthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfiirtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatDrobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentiieworkhassurvived.52 56 ᓺ᱐ᵫூá$ὃẆBâ⚣ᦻäᧇூçèéCêëªìîïூBðñòóá$ὃẆô⚪äᧇâ⚣ூçèéCêëªìðñá$ὃẆB⚜öᔁூçèéCêëªìîïூBðñòó ᓺ᱐ᵫூ 57Ẇ⌶ᨵùúû53 58QẆÜB\2018àÄ⚪TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Afifthgradergetsahomeworkassignmenttoselecthisfuturecareerpathfromalistofoccupations.Heticks“astronaut"butquicklyadds“scientist“tothelistandselectsitaswell.Theboyisconvincedthatifhereadsenough,hecanexploreasmanycareerpathsashelikes.Andsohereads—everythingfromencyclopediastosciencefictionnovels.Hereadssoferventlythathisparentshavetoinstitutea“noreadingpolicy“atthedinnertable.ThatboywasBillGates,andhehasn'tstoppedreadingyet—notevenafterbecomingoneofthemostsuccessfulpeopleontheplanet.Nowadays,hisreadingmaterialhaschangedfromsciencefictionandreferencebooks:recently,herevealedthathereadsatleast50nonfictionbooksayear.Gateschoosesnonfictiontitlesbecausetheyexplainhowtheworldworks.<4Eachbookopensupnewavenuesofknowledgetoexplore,MGatessays.üúû
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