考研英语历年真题

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2022ὃẆ()⚪ᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;theterm"plantneurobiology,,was(1)aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe(2)tointelligenceinanimals.(3)plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat(4)consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexandfascinating,butit(5)sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called(6)ofplants,intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.Beginningin2006,somescientistshave(7)thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,(8)"aplantnervoussystem,(9)tothatinanimals,“saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,“They(10)claimedthatplantshave"brain-likecommandcenters^^attheirroottips.”This(11)makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,(12)ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals.(13),thesignalinginaplantisonly(14)similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,Taizsaid.“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold(15)ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,he(16)."Sinceplantsdon'thavenervoussystems,the(17)thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”Andwhat'ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfrom(18),soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich(19)athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery(20)evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.1.A.coinedB.discoveredC.collectedD.issuedᫀA2.A.attributedB.directedC.comparedD.confinedᫀC3.A.UnlessB.WhenC.OnceD.ThoughᫀD4.A.copedwithB.consistedofC.hintedatD.extendedinᫀc

15.A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differsᫀD6.A.acceptanceB.evidenceC.cultivationD.creationᫀB7.A.doubtedB.deniedC.arguedD.requestedᫀC8.A.adaptingB.formingC.repairingD.testingᫀB9.A.analogousB.essentialC.suitableD.sensitiveᫀA10.A.justB.everC.stillD.evenᫀD11.A.restrictionB.experimentC.perspectiveD.demandᫀC12.A.attachingB.reducingC.returningD.exposingᫀB13.A.However

2B.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.OtherwiseᫀA14.A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficiallyD.imaginarilyᫀC15.A.listB.levelC.labelD.localᫀB16.A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.addedᫀD17.A.chancesB.risksC.excusesD.assumptionsᫀA18.A.dangerB.failureC.warningD.controlᫀA19.A.representsB.includesC.revealsD.recognizesᫀD20.A.humbleB.poorC.practicalD.easyᫀBSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA

3Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep"outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands."It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,"shesays."Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets95—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets-whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefbamheusedisinherentlyunstable.Ifsespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi'ssculptures.Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens“becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten?s,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory-StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon-afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,"andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.^^21.AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin.A.maintainingtheirplasticitemsB.obtainingdurableplasticartifactsC.handlingoutdatedplasticexhibitsD.classifyingtheirplasticcollectionsᫀA22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare.A.immunetodecayB.improperlyshapedC.inherentlyflawedD.complexinstructureᫀB23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto.A.keepthemfromhurtingvisitorsB.duplicatethemforfuturedisplayC.havetheiringredientsanalyzed

4D.preventthemfromfurtherdamageᫀD24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis.A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challengingᫀD25.InFerreira'sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts.A.willinspirefuturescientificresearchB.hasprofoundhistoricalsignificanceC.willhelpusseparatethematerialagesD.hasanimpactontoday'sculturallifeᫀBText2Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationsandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles;apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongsttheOECD.Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,but,ratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable.Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles.Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetwo.ItisunlikelythatGenZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayagile,relevantandemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgenerationduetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversitywillworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ'scareertrajectory.Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:'Iamageographer'or'Iamaclassisf.Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it'sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon'tdefinetheminthesameway.26.TheauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould.A.becarefulinchoosingacollegeB.bediligentateacheducationalstageC.reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducationD.postponetheirundergraduateapplicationᫀc

527.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect.A.Millennial'sopinionsaboutworkB.theshrinkingvalueofadegreeC.publicdiscontentwitheducationD.thedesiredrouteofsocialmobilityᫀB28.Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat.A.GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegreeB.schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkersC.employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegreeD.parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducationᫀC29.ItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould.A.makeanearlydecisionontheircareerB.attendonthejobtrainingprogramsC.teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduatesD.furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfieldᫀD30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.B.Theywillmakequalifiededucators.C.Depresswillnolongerappealthem.D.Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.ᫀAText3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaid,theyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.Suchanencouragingresultsisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.44Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelcaming.^^Onerespondentsaid.OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthescenescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperfomedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason-providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.TheperfbimancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember'sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.FewerartistthanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll,however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight-hencethe“visualstudies^^inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhen

6leadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrapofstereotypingeachother.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.31.Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.A.caughttheattentionofcriticsB.receivedfavorableresponsesC.promotedacademicpublishingD.sparkedheatedpublicdisputesᫀB32.ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat.A.artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscienceB.sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotionsC.publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfutureD.artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovationsᫀA33.Someartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership.A.theirrolemaybeunderestimatedB.theirreputationmaybeimpairedC.theircreativitymaybeinhibitedD.theirworkmaybemisguidedᫀA34.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutC^VS?A.Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.B.Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.C.Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.D.Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.ᫀB35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations.A.arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectationsB.willintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetitionC.shoulddomorethancommunicatingscienceD.arebecomingmorepopularthanbeforeᫀCText4ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom"unjustifieddismissals^^.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earning

7managersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently-andparadoxically-lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers'wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand'sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'Sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being.AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold^^fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers5Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto.A.punishdubiouscorporatepracticesB.improvetraditionalhiringproceduresC.exemptemployersfromcertaindutiesD.protecttherightsofordinaryworkersᫀD37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thattheprovisionsmay.A.hinderbusinessdevelopmentB.undenninemanagers*authorityC.affectthepublicimageofthefirmsD.worsenlabor-managementrelationsᫀA38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldbetheProductivityCommissionsupport?A.Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.B.EnforcingemploymentprotectionlawsC.Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.D.Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.ᫀD39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA'Sunjustifieddimissalprocedures?A.Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.B.Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.C.Societyseesariseinoverallwell-being.D.Employersneedtohirenewstaff.ᫀB40.Itcanbeinferredthatthe"high-incomethreshold^^inAustralia.

8A.hassecuredmanagers5earningsB.hasproducedundesiredresultsC.isbeneficialtobusinessownersD.isdifficulttoputintopracticeᫀCPartBDirections:Readthefollowingcommentsonanarticletitled“TheCaseAgainstZoos"byEmmaMarrisandalistofstatementssummarizingthecomments.ChoosethebeststatementfromthelistA.-[G]foreachnumberedname(41-45).Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)(41)TeriByrdIwasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydonotallowfbrfreedom,anaturaldietoradequateexercise.Animalsendupstressedandunhealthyordead.It'spasttimefbrtransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit'spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.(42)KarenR.SimeAsazoologyprofessor.IagreewithEmmaMamsthatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos'treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.(43)GregNewberryEmmaMarris'sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.(44)DeanGalleaAsafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMairisontheissueofzoos.But1believethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown.Zoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreaturewhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments.(45)JohnFraserEmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnature,andthedatapointsextractedfromourstudiesdonot,inanyway,discountwhatislearnedinazoovisit.Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,to

9betterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.A.Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticism.B.Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomesforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.C.Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantroleinstartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.D.Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.E.Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthebestalternative.F.Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals9wellbeing.G.Marrisdistortsourfindings,whichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.41.____ᫀF42.____ᫀC43.____ᫀA44.____ᫀD45.____ᫀGPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)wasthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon'sFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor'sdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknowneventomanypeoplewellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecodesandthosewh஺brokeihcm.IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccryptographicbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirCharlesOman'sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumeVhehadattachedanappendix,"TheScovellCiphers.”(47)ItlistedmanydocumentsincodethathadbeencapturedfromtheFrencharmyofSpainஹandwhosesecretshadbeenrevealedbytheworkofoneGeorgeScovell,anofficerinBritishheadauarters.OmanratedScovelPssignificancehighly,butatthesametime,thegeneralnatureofhisHistorymeantthat(48)hecouldnotanalyzecarefullywhatthisobscureofficermayormayno>havecontributedtoIhalgreatstrugglebelweennationsorindeedteHusanylhingmuchaboutihemanhimself.Iwaskeentoreadmore,butwassurprisedtofindthatOman'sappendix,publishedin1914,wastheonlyconsideredthingthathadbeenwrittenaboutthissecretwar.IbecameconvincedthatthisstorywaseverybitasexcitingandsignificantasthatofEnigmaandthebreakingofGermancodesintheSecondWorldWar.Thequestionwas,coulditbetold?StudyingScovelFspapersatthePublicRecordOffice(inKew,westLondon)Ifoundthathehadleftanextensivejournalandcopiousnotesaworkinthepeninsula.Whatwasmore,manyoriginalFrenchdispatcheshadbeenpreserved

10inthiscollection.Irealizedatoncethatthiswaspriceless.(49)TheremayhavebeenmanyspiesandintelligenceofficersduringtheNapoleonicWarsஹbutitisusuallyextremelydifficulttofindthematerialtheyactuallyprovidedorworkedon.Furthermore,ScovelPsstoryinvolvedmuchmorethanjustintelligencework.HisstatusinLordWellington'sheadquartersandtherecognitiongiventohimforhisworkwereallboundupwiththeclasspoliticsofthearmyatthetime.Histaleofself-improvementandhardworkwouldmakeafascinatingbiographyinitsownright,butrepresentssomethingmorethanthat.(50)JustasthecodebreakinghasitswiderrelevanceinthestruRgleforSpain,sohisattemptstomakehiswayupthepromotionladderspeakvolumesaboutBritishsociety.ThestoryofWellingtonhimselfalsogrippedme.HalfacenturyagohiscampaignswereconsideredacentralpartoftheBritishhistoricalmythologyandspoon-fedtoschoolboys.Morerecentlythishasnotbeenthecase,whichisagreatshame.Agenerationhasgrownup.46.ᫀṹᑴὅṹẚὅḄᧅ!"#$%&'(ᨵ*ᐭ,Ḅ-./0⍝2஺47.ᫀ:4ᑡ6,$%789:;ᱛḄ=>?@ABḄṹᦻD!EᦻDḄFGHI>JKḄ?LMNOPQRḄSᡠU☄஺48.ᫀWX=YZᑖ᪆]^^X_ḄLᕒabᡈ/ab&d>eḄfᜧᧅh6ijkl!X=mnᡃpᐵrWs-Ḅtuvw஺49.ᫀᙠyẚzᡊ(!abᨵ$%|}v~Lᕒ!ᑮWp▭ᡈSᡠᵨᑮḄᩞᧇ஺50.ᫀ᝞ẚṹᙠ:;ᱛḄᧅᐹᨵḄ᪵!Wᙠᓣ▤Ḅᐙᑖ¡¢,>£4ZxoSectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Writeane-mailtoaprofessorataBritishuniversity,invitinghim/hertoorganizeateamfortheinternationalinnovationtobeheldatyouruniversity.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheend.Use"LiMing,,instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)ᦻDearprofessor,MynameisLiMing,aseniorstudentfromPekingUniversity.Itismygreathonortoinviteyoutoorganizeateamfortheinternationalinnovationtobeheldinmyuniversity.ItwillbeheldfromMarch1toMarch3,2022forinternationalexchangesandcooperationininnovation.Takingintoconsiderationthatyouareoneofthemostfamousprofessorswhohavebeenmadegreatachievementininnovation,Idohopethatyoucanacceptmyinvitationtoorganizeateamwithinnovativetalentsinmyuniversitytoparticipateinthisactivity.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreply.AndIwouldappreciateitifyoucouldtakemyinvitationintoaccount.Yourssincerely,LiMing

11PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturesbelow.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explaintheintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)ᦻWhatisdepictedinthepictureisthattwogirlstakedifferentattitudestowardsacampuslectureonaposter.Thegirlontheleftbelievesthatitwon'thelpthembecauseithasnothingtodowhtlgittaith®iaiight,claimletthatitmaybeusefultootheraspects,suchastheirstudyorgrowth.Obviously,whattheauthorwantstoexpressisthatweshouldnotbeconfineustotheknowledgerelatedtoourmajor,instead,weoughttoseizeeverylearningopportunitytostriveforvariousknowledge.Why?Alargenumberofcollegegraduatesenterintothesocietyeveryyear,butthenumberoftherecruitmentpostsprovidedbythejobmarketislimited.Inabouthalfayear,mostofuseitherenterthejobcompetitionorgotothefurtherstudy.Comparedwiththosewhoareonlygoodatonemajor,thosewithall-rounddevelopmentwillbemorepopularandhavemorechancestogetawell-paidjob.Fromtheabovediscussion,itcanbeconcludedthatcollegestudentsshouldmakefulluseofeveryopportunitytoknowabouttheknowledgerelatedtodifferentfieldsratherthanjustpayattentiontohisorherownmajor.

122021ὃẆ()⚪ᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It(1)inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen(2)startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But(3)agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe(4)ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe(5)thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor(6)thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat(7)measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand(8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople(9)highermeasuresofabdominalfat(10)worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears(11).Forwomen,theassociationmaybe(12)tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe(13).Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould(14)thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent(15)formenandwomen.(16)therearestepsyoucan(17)tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental(18).Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour(19)ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style(20)thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.A.pausesB.returnsC.peaksD.fadesᫀC2._____A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generallyᫀD3._____A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.untilᫀA4._____A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumption

13D.separationᫀB5._____A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirementᫀA6._____A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilizeᫀA7._____A.modifiedB.supportedC.includedD.predictedᫀC8._____A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.appliedᫀB9._____A.withB.aboveC.byD.againstᫀA10.____A.livedB.managedC.scoredD.playedᫀC11.____A.ranoutB.setoffC.drewinD.wentby

14ᫀD12._____A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistantᫀB13._____A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlledᫀC14._____A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explainᫀD15._____A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatmentsᫀD16._____A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.InsteadᫀB17._____A.changeB.watchC.countD.takeᫀD18._____A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordinationᫀA

15A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.spaceᫀA20._____A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescriptionᫀcSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidizethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecrampedunreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalizationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares.A.willeasetrainoperation'sburdenB.haskeptpacewithinflationC.isabigsurprisetocommutersD.remainsanunreasonablemeasureᫀD

1622.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor.A.cardriversB.railtravelersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayersᫀB23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators.A.areofferingcompensationstocommutersB.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunionsC.havefailedtoprovideanadequateserviceD.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikesᫀC24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.A.thelossofinvestmentB.thecollapseofoperationsC.areductionofrevenueD.achangeofownershipᫀD25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWorkC.CanNationalizationBringHope?D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainableᫀDText2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry1santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.FerraroseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionin

17deforestation,Ferrarosays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.FerrarosuggeststheirresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodfbrpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment,Ferrarosays.Evenifthisprogramdidn'treducepoverty,hesays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustfbrcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.^^26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto.A.facilitatehealthcarereformB.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroffC.improvelocaleducationsystemsD.lowerdeforestationratesᫀB27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorB.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestylesC.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmersD.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradationᫀD28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout.A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTsB.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviationC.therelationofCCTstoitsforestlossD.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechangeᫀC29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat.A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountriesB.itwillreduceregionalinequalityC.itcanprotecttheenvironmentD.itcanboostgrainproductionᫀC30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.ᫀAText3Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).Pvefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

18Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof"SmilingVictorians5makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin."Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefhctthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular'pearlywhites5wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,andmusichallperformersmightgumandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe"nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever^^.31.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter.A.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictoriansB.highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimageD.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyᫀA32.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.ᫀB33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.ᫀD34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas.A.adeep-rootedbeliefB.amisguidedattitudeC.acontroversialviewD.athought-provokingideaᫀA35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

19A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?ᫀAText4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals'.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals9streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodembroadbandservice,5,andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.^^Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould.A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolB.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkC.showpartialityintreatingclientsD.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivalsᫀC37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC.A.stickstoanout-of-dateorderB.takesananti-regulatorystanceC.hasissuedaspecialresolutionD.hasallowedthestatestointerveneᫀB38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

20B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.ᫀB39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecsion.A.focusesontrivialitiesB.conveysanambiguousmessageC.isatoddswithitsearlierrulingsD.isoutoftouchwithrealityᫀD40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandproviders,rightsshouldbeprotected.ᫀAPartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.IB]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdWords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereitiusefulforemployeestogoto.[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.[G]AIlooksatr&umesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.'There

21areexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,“saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.(41)OnecompanythafsdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementfbrpeople,5,saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.(43)ImprovedaccuracyuMachinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.^^(44)ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.uIftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,9,saysDomingos.t4(45)"41.____ᫀG42.____ᫀC43.____ᫀE44.____ᫀB45.____ᫀDPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmoderndemocraticsocieties.(46)ThosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenroHmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat35%oftherelevantaqeeroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattending
auniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,the

22numbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eightஹor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,5to20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)andwhenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,thentheylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfacultyanditsstandards.Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution—thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation:ihcyalsoweakenediheformsandprocessesbywhichleachersandsiudeilsareadmittedinloacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.46._____ᫀᡊ¥¦§!E>eḄᐭ¨᳛ᜧª«ᢝᙠᡊ®ᓝ°±²³´ᐭ¨᳛Ḅ3-5%஺47._____ᫀµE£¶·¸Ḅ&¹º·»ᦟ½Ḅ◤¿᡽ᜧᑮ,ᡊÁᨵÂÃᜧ¨Ḅ³´}£¶▤²஺48._____ᫀᙠ:ÄḄ$%>e!¹º·»ᦟ½Ḅ¨Å-ᦪᙠ20ÇÈ60ÉḄÊᑁÌ,Í!ᑮ20ÇÈ70É(!ᙠÎஹÏᡈᓝᑁÐÌ,Í஺49._____ᫀÑÒᦟÓÔ⌕Ö7Ẇ×Å▾ÙÚḄÛᵱ᝕'!WpᙠᜧÞßà,á¨▾Ḅ¨âÅãä}᪗æ஺50._____ᫀ·çè᳛çé,¨âêÒḄë¶ì4píîï,ᦟÓ}¨Åᙠðàᡈñ᠒ᡂè(ô$aõᐭ¨ὅ³´Ḅö÷}ÃÞ஺SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:AforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraduatedfromcollegeandintendstofindajobinChina.Writehim/heranemailtomakesomesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheend.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)ᦻDearFriend,IamgladtohearthatyouintendtofindajobinChina.Nowadays,withthecontinuouseconomicdevelopment,Chinahasalsoprovidedmoreandmorejobopportunitiesforoutstandinggraduatesfromallovertheworld.AndIwouldliketoprovideyouwithafewsuggestionsonjob-hunting.First,youcanidentifyseveralpromisingcitiesaccordingtoyourmajor.Then,youcancomparethesecitieswithtakingtheircustoms,peopleintoconsiderationtodeterminethecityyouwouldliketowork.Duetotheculturaldifferences,youmaynotbeusedtotheChinesewayoflifewhenyoufirstarriveinChina,butfriendlyChinesepeopleandChina's5000yearsofhistoryandculturewillmakeyoufallinlovewithChinaandtheChinesepeople.

23Ihopeyouwillfindmyhumblesuggestionsbeofhelp.IamlookingforwardtocontactmeassoonasyouarriveinChina.Bestwishes.Yours,LiMingPartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturesbelow.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explaintheintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)ᦻWhatisportrayedinthepictureisthataboydressedinatraditionalChinesecostumeisexpressinghisconcernthathisfriendsthinklearningtraditionalChineseoperaisboring,whilehisfatherofferssomewordsofencouragementandtellshimthattraditionalChineseoperaiswhattheboytrulyloves.Generallyspeaking,mostofuswouldencounterthissituationinourdailylife:thethingswearefondofarenotacceptedbyourfriendsaroundus.However,whatweshoulddoundersuchcircumstance?Sticktoyourhobbiesorabandonthemduetotheopinionsofyourfriends?Asforme,Iwillchoosetheformeronewithouthesitation,foreveryone'slifeshouldbedecidedbyhirhiB^bfhoWighttopreventyourfriendsfromdoingsomethingyouhate,sodoothers.Itisunnecessaryforustomakeourselvesaggrievedinordertocatertoothers.Insummary,whilebeingfacedwiththisdilemma,whatweshoulddoistofollowourownheart.

242020ὃẆøù⚪ᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation'sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.(1)acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan(2)it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis(3)shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure(4)todamageourhealth.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has(5)apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked(6)hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould(7)crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly(8)toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?(9)studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno(10)evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis"(11)tobecarcinogenic“buthavenohardscientificproof.(12)theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis(13)tofollowtheFSAadvice.(14),itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea(15).Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe(16)uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?(17),theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods(18),buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their(19)riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust(20)withnoonelistening.1.A.In6.A.under11.A.insufficient16.A.madeB.TowardsB.atB.boundB.servedC.OnC.forC.likelyC.savedD.TillD.byD.slowD.used2.A.match7.A.forget12.A.Onthebasisof17.A.TobefairB.expressB.regretB.AtthecostofB.ForinstanceC.satisfyC.finishC.InadditiontoC.TobebriefD.inlluenceD.avoidD.IncontrasttoD.ingeneral3.A.patience8.A.partially13.A.interesting18.A.reluctantlyB.enjoymentB.regularlyB.advisableB.entirelyC.surpriseC.easilyC.urgentC.graduallyD.concernD.initiallyD.fortunateD.carefully4.A.intensified9.A.Unless14.A.Asusual19.A.promiseB.privilegedB.SinceB.InparticularB.experienceC.compelledC.IfC.BydefinitionC.campaignD.guaranteedD.WhileD.AfterallD.competition5.A.issued10.A.secondary15.A.resemblance20.A.followupB.receivedB.externalB.combinationB.pickupC.ignoredC.conclusiveC.connectionC.openupD.canceledD.negativeD.patternD.endupᫀ᪆1.Cá⚪◤⌕⌱ûüý!§☢Ḅacoldwinter,sday᪀ᡂ
“ᙠḄ”஺C⚗onᐹḄᜩᔠ஺ᦑ!"ᫀC஺2.A$ᦻ&ᑮ(ᯠ*+ᡂᕒ-./012ᔛ45ᦪ789:;<=''?@Aᾙ”CDEFGHᨵJKLM/NOPQᓛSmatchT“ᓛ”ᨬᔠVWX஺ᦑ!"ᫀA஺

253.BVᦻ&ᑮ“?@Aᾙ”Z⚗[\ḄEF]^⊤`ᢚbᑮcdefghijkQLMSlmnokᨵpḄqLenjoymentT“LM”ᨬᔠVWXN$rs஺ᦑ!"ᫀB஺4.Dt⚪◤⌕⌱yz{F|᪀ᡂ~⛲$ᦻḄpleasure,“jkLMlmnokᨵpḄqLQSlᡃḄᏉ”஺guaranteedT“Ḅ"ᨬᔠVWX஺ᦑ!"ᫀD஺5.A᪷WᦻᑁᜐᢣFSAQS⚗[issueT“”ᨬᔠ$X஺ᦑ!"ᫀA஺6.Bt⚪◤⌕⌱y|N☢Ḅhightemperatures᪀ᡂᩩ“ᙠW”B⚗atᔠ஺ᦑ!"ᫀB஺7.Dt⚪◤⌕⌱yF|᪷$ᦻWᦻZ&¡¢£;¤tQ¥¦S§¨©-ᔛↈ«¬⃬஺avoidT“¥¦”ᔠ$X஺ᦑ!"ᫀD஺8.A$ᦻ&ᑮ;¤t¥¦§¨©ᦻrs®¯°±²;-¤t³ZQᏔµSA☢ᒹpartiallyT“Ꮤµᙢ”ᔠ⚪T஺ᦑ!"ᫀA஺9.D¸ᔠ$ᦻᑁᜐ⊤¹Qº»SẆ½⊤¾¿À⏒ÂÃ2ÄÅÆ0Ç5ZÈᨵÉឋḄË⊤¾Ìlmn;ÍÎÏÐ஺WhileT“(ᯠº»”⊤Ñk`ᢚᐵÓᔠrs஺ᦑ!"ᫀD஺10.C¸ᔠÔ9⚪º»Ẇ½⊤¾¿À⏒ÂÃ2ÄÅÆ0Ç5ZÈᨵQÉឋSḄË⊤¾Ìlmn;ÍÎÏÐ஺conclusiveT“ÉឋḄ”ᔠVWX஺ᦑ!"ᫀC஺11.CbelikelytoZT''/"᪷⚪TÕ!"ᫀC஺12.A᪷ᦻᜐ“Q᪷S⚜■ឋØᑣ²ÚÛFSAḄ¢£Z¾ÜḄ"஺onthebasisofT“᪷……ÞẠ”ᔠ$rs஺ᦑ!"ᫀA஺13.B¸ᔠÔ12⚪ᜐàXZ“᪷⚜■ឋØᑣ²ÚÛFSAḄ¢£ZQ¾ÜSḄ"advisableT“¾ÜḄ”ᔠ⚪T஺ᦑ!"ᫀB஺14.D᪷VᦻÕ^⊤¾“QáâSᙠᨵË˾ᔾäNÏÐOḄὶÓO$ᔾämnÏÐḄCæçè0éCêë"஺afterallT“áâ”ᔠ⚪T஺ᦑ!"ᫀD஺15.Cᜐ◤⌕⌱yì|Nproveíᡂî⊡ð஺jñ¤tZ“˾……QὶÓS"connectionT“ὶÓ”ᔠ⚪T஺ᦑ!"ᫀC஺16.Bᜐ◤⌕⌱yòF᝱Napieceofboiledbeef᪀ᡂFôᐵÓT“õöᶧøᱏúûḄüᾙý/ᙠᕜÿ
"serveup“”ᔠ⚪஺ᦑᫀB஺17.Aᔠᦻᢣ“!⍝#FSA⊤%&'(ᨵ*+,-……”tobefair“!⍝#”ᔠ⚪஺ᦑᫀA஺18.B/ᜐ◤⌕⌱456᪷89:ᦻ/ᜐ“FSA'(ᨵ*+,-;ᐰ=ᔛ?@A"entirely“;ᐰᙢ”ᔠ⚪஺ᦑᫀB஺19.C/ᜐ◤⌕⌱4C6᪷8:ᦻ/ᜐ“FSAḄEFᨵG,H‘JKL'NOḄPQḄR◅”campaign“TUḄVFEF”ᔠ9:WX஺ᦑᫀC஺20.D᪷89ᦻ“ᢝZ=[ᙢᏉ]^_`a(ᨵ,ᙠc"஺endup“`ad……*e”ᔠ⚪஺ᦑᫀD஺SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.40points
Text1AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture“award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforZozl.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain'stown,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

26SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.“AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun“yearofculture^^washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A“townofculture^^couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown'speculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.21.Copperandhercolleaguearguethata“townofculture“awardwould.A.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritainB.promotecooperationamongBrain'stownsC.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain'stownsD.focusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.22.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas.A.asensiblecompromiseB.aself-deceivingattemptC.aneye-catchingbonusD.aninaccessibletarget23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit.A.endeavortomaintainitsimageB.meetstheaspirationofitspeopleC.bringsitslocalartstoprominenceD.commitstoitslong-termgrowth24.“Glasgow“ismentionedinParagraph3topresent.A.acontrastingcaseB.asupportingexampleC.abackgroundstoryD.arelatedtopic25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.Criticalᫀg᪆i21.C᪷8ᦻjkjlmn“opqr”Ḅᡂt'=u▲wxy&opzᩭ|2.2}~ᐗḄᢗᜧA஺Ḅx╋(ᨵᵭ-ᩭᩭ-ᜧḄ¡஺ᨵ,¢“ᦻᓄqx”ᝄmdᡂ⚗¦§EFᔾ©ª'«⌼®¯°஺mn±²|x╋Ḅ³´µ஺ᦑᫀC஺22.B᪷8j¶kjmn·SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture...”,¸/md¹[ºᨵ
,aᢝ»☢᝱§Ḅ஺¾ᔠ:ᦻ“ᙠ¿Àᙢ⌨~:ḄÂÃÄᛛÆÇq▭ᓽÊËᜫᙠÍÎÏḄÐᡃÒÓÔÕqÖ”¾×ØᩭÙÚ»ÛmdܺᩭaHÐᡃÝÞḄßà஺ᦑᫀB஺

2723.D᪷8jlkjl"Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethan...”dá"Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudge…”md¹[ºâ⌕ãµwä᩟ḄæçèUÖéÚᜮ⊖°aᡂtḄ஺ᦑᫀD஺24.A᪷8ᦻjìkᨬ:“éÚÛ⚪îïgð◤⌕ñ§Ḅòóᓩõö◤⌕xy÷uஹù⃩ûüஹýþÿ
ᦻᓄḄᔠ஺ᑮḄᦻᓄḄ!ᑡ#ᩖḄ%&'%&()*+,ᡂ./0ஹ23
4ᒓḄ678ᑮ9ᜩ஺”<=>.?@ᢚᦑACDEᫀ஺25.DG⚪IJ⚪ᨬLMᢣ=ὅP“?‘ᦻᓄ*’TUU/0*VW⌕YZ?*+Ḅᱯ⁐——^_`ᢝbḄᖪd⊙fᢝgᙢḄijᨬZ⌕ḄklbḄmnopᐸ@ᓄrs”ᡠὅᢝu᩽kᡂḄ᝱xᦑDCDEᫀ஺Text2Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround£500to£5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney5'partlybecause.A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincreaseB.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessfulC.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreducedD.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave.A.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibrariesB.gonethroughanexistentialcrisisC.revivedthepublishingindustryD.financedresearchersgenerously28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?A.Relieved.B.Puzzled.

28C.ConcernedD.Encouraged.29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms.A.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoneyB.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientistsC.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantiallyD.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthescientificpublishingmodel?A.Trialsubscriptionisoffered.B.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.C.Costsarewellcontrolled.D.Thefewfeedonthemany.ூᦻ{|}௃ᦻ.=᱐ᱥ஺Mᢣ==᱐ᱥ“᤯᪛”ᐸᩭᙢ஺M
Mᑮ=᱐ᖪᨵ᩽Ḅᳮᓻᑮᐸ=᱐d஺M.ᐰᳫឋᦻ¡¢£¤¥¦sci-hubo§M
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ÃĺÅḄ᪶Ç⌕&஺ᦑCDEᫀD஺27.A᪷¸M¹ÈºÉÊËÌᑭÎÏ4.9ÐÑ╏ᯠVUÑÔᜧᙠ2016×Ø¢.Ï2.1ÐÑ╏%GÙÚÛ⌕Ü☠ᜧÞß✂஺ᦑCDEᫀA஺28.BG⚪IJ⚪஺᪷¸ᦻM¹"ThesuccessofSci-Hub...showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransfermed”ºὅáGâ⊤².äåḄæç஺ᦑCDEᫀB஺29.A᪷¸§MᨬL¹ºᔠᳮᦈ¢ᵨ.êᩭ=᱐ᖪ°±ᑭ஺Gëì
A⚗íî%GCDEᫀA஺30.D᪷¸ᨬLM§¹º¡¢ïðñs6ᣚó¼ᙢVôᦪöᜧÊËᑣÂ.øùᑭÎ஺ú½ûD“ôᦪüÊËýᜧ7ü¡¢ñs6ýþ”ᦑCDEᫀD஺Text3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity^^onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan“important”policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof“equalprotection”.Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

29Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt“phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwills.A.helplittletoreducegenderbiasB.poseathreattothestategovernmentC.raisewomen'spositioninpoliticsD.greatlybroadencareeroptions32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?A.Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.B.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,C.ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.D.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate.A.theharmfromarbitraryboarddecisionB.theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranteesC.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporationsD.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto.A.theunderestimationofelitewomen'sroleB.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboardsC.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboardD.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?A.Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.B.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.C.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.D.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.ூᦻ{|}௃ᦻÛ⌕“ឋÿ
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3034.C᪷X᎔ᦪMq¤⌕ª«ឋYℏABᡂᕒḄ®⌕¯°¨ᯠB²³`⃩µ¶ℏABxy஺&ℏABᡂᕒḄ·B¸ᩭ¸¹ᓾ;ᨵᔠ°Ḅ᝕ឋᩭ»¼ℏABᡂᕒᵫpqrBᨵᔠ°Ḅ$½ᐭℏABᦑ~RᫀC஺35.B᪷XIᦻᨬLq¤N[ab“dolittletohelp”pᐹᨵqÀឋ஺DqᵫpÁÂqÃឋEᑴvḄ✌⌕ὃ⇋È஺ᦑ~RᫀB஺Text4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshaverefeiTedtothisasa“GAFAtax,“meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto.A.regulatedigitalservicesplatformsB.protectFrenchcompanies'interestsC.imposealevyontechmultinationalsD.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax.A.maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFranceB.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroadC.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensionsD.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat.A.redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensuredB.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgradingC.techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbepreventedD.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork.A.isbeingresistedbyUScompaniesB.needstobereadjustedimmediately

31C.isfacedwithuncertainprospectsD.needstoininvolvemorecountries40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthistext?A.FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctionsB.FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTaxC.FranceSays“NO"toTechMultinationalsD.FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomyூᦻʲË௃Iᦻ⌱_ÎÏÐÑÒÓ2019Ô7ᨴ15ÖḄᑣÒ⍝஺ÙÚᦪÛÜÝÞßàáâᑏ0ᒹåÚᙠᑁḄᐸçÚèᐰᳫßᦈìíḄ»î஺ᢣÚïð▾ñ0ᦪÛÜÝßTò0óᦪÛÜÝß஺)5Mᢣ/N⚗ßõö÷0øᜧḄúðw¹ûḄὃ⇋஺£⊤/Ú▭ßᦈᑴt;ᨵþ]ÿ
Ḅ஺ᢣᯠᔠḄᶧᡂᐳ!"#$Ḅᦪ&'()*+,-.ᜧ0ᐰᳫ)ᦈ45Ḅ67஺8ᫀ:᪆<36.C᪷>?ᦻAAB"C)D0ᔣ$FGὅᡈᵨᡝLᦪ&'(ḄᜧMNOPQᦈᐰRḄ)ᦈ"SC⚗“ᔣᜧMNOPQ)”WX஺ᦑZ[8ᫀ\C஺37.A᪷>?ᦻ]]B^_"C`a,
.bc"^defgᩭij0$Ḅk᧕ᑴn"SA⚗WX"ᦑZ[8ᫀ\A஺38.B᪷>?ᦻoᨬqAB^_"“rstu\▭)ᦈᑴwxdyz{|Ḅ”"}~|Ḅ▭)ᦈ4◤⌕ᓣ"SB⌱⚗WX஺ᦑZ[8ᫀ\B஺39.C᪷>ᨬqAB^_"CḄ”,
.s0▭)ᑴxᩭ|Ḅᶧ”"SC⚗WX஺ᦑZ[8ᫀ\C஺40.B?⚪\⚪"?ᦻ$0ᦪ&'(Q)\-"ᐰᦻᑏ.ᒹ$ᙠᑁḄᐸ0ᐰᳫ)ᦈ45Ḅ67"SB⚗WX஺ᦑZ[8ᫀ\B஺PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.Eyefixactionsarebrief.B.Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberude.C.Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal.D.Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact.E.Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated.F.Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers.G.Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:41..Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontactandsmile,,cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.42..NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundin

32high-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.43..Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.^Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou'saidMinson.44..Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.45..Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-”Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.ூᦻi௃?ᦻ⌕¡஺A,¢⚪"¡+ᨵ^d¤⊤¦§¨©Ḅ"ª?ᦻᙠ:«¡¬஺]ᑮ¡^ᡂ\¯ᗐḄ±²³஺´µᑮᐵ·¡¸qḄ¹ᱥ»¼*ᙠ½¾¬¿஺oᢣ¡À^d+ÁᨵÂÃឋḄ஺ᢣ~"¡AÅÆᶇᙠAÈÉḄÊËÌÍ"ᜧÎ\3Ï஺ᨬqA⊤~"ឋÐeÑÒÈ¡ḄfÓ஺8ᫀ:᪆<41.C᪷>?´B^_"AÔ¯ᗐḄÕÖ×ḼÙ^d+ᙠ⊤ÚḄᐵÛ"ᨬqABÀᑮ¡“+ᙠÜ⌴ÚḄ^ᵨឋÞ²”"SC⚗“ßà^ᡂ\¯ᗐḄ±²³”WX"ᦑZ[8ᫀ\C஺42.E?ABá.hormone₹ãℳ"oxytocinåæ¼"high-functioningçèdéS¹ᱥ»¼ᨵᐵḄᓫë"SE⚗“ìßà¸qḄ¹ᱥ»¼Zᙠ½¾¿”WX"ᦑZ[8ᫀ\E஺43.G᪷>?AB^_"ßà᪷>¦§íîe
¦§Ḅïð"q☢Àµᑮ"ᙠ¦ᑭó᛻¿"ßàeSõöᡈ÷ᔥᨵᐵὶ"SG⚗“¡À^dᐹᨵÂÃឋ”WX"ᦑZ[8ᫀ\G஺44.A?¿}ᑮᡃsᙠAÈᙢÕÆᶇýþÿᢝ3
A⚗“ᨚḄ”ᦑᫀAo45.DᑮḄ“”“ᡃᯖ⇋”"#“$%&'”()*ឋ,ᨵᐵD⚗“)ឋ/012)*345Ḅ67”ᦑᫀD஺PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodemworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(46)With(thegapbetween)thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridgedJeadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.(47)-BeforeeachofIheirrevelations,manythinkersa)IhetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinkingincludingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.

33Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.(48)-DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflooiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnolongerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.(49)-Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.(50)-SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessayAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?Itwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.46.ூ;ᦻ௃ᵫ?ᦻ@AᐶCDᦟ/ḄᦟFGHIJKLMḄNOPQ◀STUVSWLMḄXYZ"[⊡]^_`ᔣbcḄGdefḄgh⚞jḄᜧ⍝஺47.ூ;ᦻ௃ᙠn)opLqrCḄstHuv(wᵨyzὁḄHIJKᒹ}ᙢḄᙢᳫᡃḄ஺48.ூ;ᦻ௃ᦟᚪstᑴc2VḄvGᳮឋFὅyt3?᝞Ḅefᙠ"*Ḅ¡¢£¤Ḽ஺49.ூ;ᦻ௃r¦t*§¨?©ªᳮG«¬ᳮᐭᑮSWCᦻ@Aᐶ¯°_±²C2)cḄᳮឋCVᑮᩭ_஺50.ூ;ᦻ௃´µ¶ghGᳮ·ᡃ¸ᨵ¹ºḄ»¼¤½"ᵫ¾¿ᦻÀÁ“sapereaude”ᡈÃᦻ“daretoknow”ÄÅ஺SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:TheStudentUnionofyouruniversityhasassignedyoutoinformtheinternationalstudentsanupcomingsingingcontest.Writeanoticeinabout100words.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyournameinthenotice.ᦻÇNoticeDecember21,2019Inordertoensurethatstudentsfromoverseashaveabundantextracurricularactivities,Iamwritingtoinformyouofsomerelevantinformationaboutthesingingcompetition.ThiseventwillbeheldintheauditoriumofouruniversityonMarch5,2020,anditwillstartat7p.m..Participantswillbestudentsofouruniversitywhoarefromdifferentmajors.Firstofall,theheadmasterofouruniversitywillwiseeverybodyupthatthepurposeofthecompetitionistoenrichtheextracurricularactivitiesofthestudentsoncampus.Nextisthefabuloustimeforthesingingcontest.

34Wearelookingforwardtoseeingyouthere.Trustme,youwillhaveunforgettableandjoytimeinthisevent.TheStudents7Union⚪⌕¶Ê᪷Ì⚪ÍᡠϹºᑏ2Ñ`g஺ᐰᦻᑖÔÕᑖÖ2Õᑖ×⌕⊤Ù`gḄÚᵫÛÖÜÕᑖ᪷Ì⊡ᐙ`g⌕ᑁߤàáâ⁚ÛÖÔÕᑖ¯°Á⊤p3qᩭäὅḄåæ஺ç`g,Kè஺PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshould:1)Describethepicturebriefly;2)Interprettheimpliedmeaning,and3)GiveyourcommentsᦻÇTherearetwopicturesthataretotallydifferent.Oneisayounggirlwhoismakinggreateffortsonherschoolworkwithearnestexpressions.Theotherpictureshowsthatalazyboyislyingonthesofainsteadofreadingwithanunfoldbookandapenonthebookdesk.Obviously,throughthecontrastofthesetwopictures,theexplicitimplicationemergesinfrontofusthatthepowerofgoodhabitsshouldbehighlyvalued.Tobeginwith,schedulingistheartofplanningyouractivitiessothatyoucanachieveyourgoalsandprioritiesintime.Ithelpsyoubuildyourconfidence.Secondly,itisuniversallyadmittedthatittakestimetochangeahabit,whileprocrastinationwhichincludestaskaversion,distractibilityandimpulsivenessisabadhabitthatrequiresmanyeffortstoovercome.However,theseproblemsaretheeasiesttoovercomeifwemakeagoodscheduleinadvance.Basedonthediscussionabove,itisadvisableforustoformgoodhabits.Inshort,it'stimetostrengthenpeople'sawarenessinthisrespect.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakefulluseofreasonabletimearrangementandownabrightfuture.⚪⌕¶᪷Ì´éÄÅᑁßê▊ÅìFíᦻᑖÔᜧÕᑖ஺Ö2ÕᑖÄÅ´éᑁßêîpìF⊤ïÊḄᓽᡃ◤⌕òᡂᔠᳮèᑜCMḄö÷øÛÖÜÕᑖ▊Åᡃ◤⌕ᔠᳮèᑜCMÛÖÔÕᑖùúûᵭêýþḄçF஺

352019ÿὃẆ⚪ᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.(1)ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones(2)onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.(3)yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou(4)can'tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate(5)tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell(6)atrail,butnotinacompletely(7)area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which(8)isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.(9),ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH^Oyoufind,youshould(10)seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe(11)howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another(12):Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.(13),evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto(14)gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve(15)thewoods.Headtowardthese(16)tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor(17)lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.(18),assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe(19)weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan(20)youtocivilization.1.[AJSome6.[A]onto11.[AJsurprised16.[A]posts[B]Most[B]offfB]annoyed[B]linksICJFew[CJacross[C]frightened[C]shades[D]All[D]along[D]confused[D]breaks2.[AJput7.[AJunattractive12.[AJproblem17.[A]artificial[B]take[B]uncrowdedfB]option[B]mysterious[C]run[C]unchanged[C]view[C]hidden[D]come[D]unfamiliar[D]result[D]limited3.[A]Since8.[A]site13.[A]Aboveall18.[A]Finally[B]If[B]point[B]Incontrast[B]Consequently[C]Though[C]way[C]Onaverage[C]Incidentally[D]Until[D]place[D]Forexample[D]Generally4.[A]formally9.[A]So14.[A]bridge19.[A]memories[B]relatively[B]Yet[B]avoid[B]marks[C]gradually[C]Instead[C]spot[C]notes[D]literally[D]Besides[D]separate[D]belongings5.[A]back10.[A]immediately15.[A]from20.[A]restrict[B]next[BJintentionally[B]through[B]adopt[C]around[C]unexpectedlyfC]beyond[C]lead[DJawayID]eventually[D]underID]exposeᫀ᪆l.cὃ᪆ᦻᐵ஺ᦻᑮ"ᙠ$%&'()*+,-./0)Ḅ2ᣩឋ5⌕ឋ7ᵫ9:;<=>ᨵ@ABC*+DEFGHI᪍஺ᦑC⚗MNOᫀ஺2.CὃP,QR஺runonSM“☠……WXᡈWZ”7\]ᢣ*+_☠ᵯaWZ7bcᵯaὑᵯefgᡃiSjᑮḄ⌕k஺putonᢣ“lmnᜓஹqrs"஺takeonSM“uvwᕈy"஺comeonᢣ+ᘤᡈ{l|}~7l|WZ7ᐸB7~Bᱥmᵨ஺3.Bὃᦻᐵ஺ᡠᙠSMᙠᨵ*+ᡈᢣᓭ┐Ḅ"……ᢈ

36:ᢣᔣ……:ᡠᙠ¡¢Ꮇn7¡¢¤ᫀ஺ᜓ⌱⚗¦7§ᨵB⌱⚗If᝞©w᎚«¬ᔠ7ᦑNO஺4.Dὃ®᪆ᦻᐵ஺literally⌲°ᙢwO²ᙢ஺formallyN³ᙢw´³ᙢ஺relativelyµ¶ᙢwg·஺gradually⌲¸ᙢ஺ᡠᙠSM''᝞©ᙠᨵ*+ᡈᢣᓭ┐Ḅ"7ºc»Bᑮᓅ……“"”“»Bᑮᓅ”½ὅS¿µÀ7\]Áᯠ“»Bᑮᓅ”¢M"ÃÄ“"”\Å7Æ99ᜐÈÉÊËᐹᨵÃÄSᕡḄ7⌱⚗D“O²ᙢ”¬ᔠS7ᦑNO஺5.AὃÎ᪆஺ÏᢣÐ7ᙠᨵ*+ᡈᢣᓭ┐ḄᙠI᪍¦"7ᢈ:ᢣᔣ7C⚞GÐI᪍7ÒÓNÔÕÖ஺backtocivilizationÒᑮᦻ×ØA¬ᔠS7ᦑA⌱⚗NO஺nextÙFḼwÛ஺aroundÜᕜwᜧß஺awayàlwáâᜐ஺ãὅä⚪SB¬:᣸◀஺6.BὃÎᵨç஺ᦻᑮ7èéÒ½Ëê⚪ᙠ\Ëᱯ,Ḅìí]7î____:ðñᨬÀḄóôᙠî]ñ\¢@ᙠõöA÷ᑮḄê⚪7ᵫ9:<7ᡠᙠøᑖÈᒹû“”ḄS¿஺§ᨵB⌱⚗offüà7àlätrailýᵨ7⊤ÿ"
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Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism",orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike''childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce,,ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism^^.Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting.saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism”.InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart“ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-tcrmism^^,suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto.[A]enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility

38[B]helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits[C]buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation[DJguaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.[A]theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits[B]govemments,impatienceindecision-making[CJthesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies[D]"short-termism“ineconomicactivities23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe.[A]indirect[B]adverse[C]minimal[D]temporary24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.[A]theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”[B]thesignificanceoflong-termthinking[C]theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismfB]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue[CJDecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives[D]FrustrationofRisk-takingBankersᫀ᪆21.A⁚⚪஺᪷⚪!"#$"#$"%ᢣ'“ᦈ*”+(ᓽ.+)Ḅ1⌕3Ḅ456789:ᨵ<=◅?@AឮCDE:FGH᪀ḄJK஺A⌱⚗enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility4:NᦻPholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingḄQRSTᦑUV஺22.D⁚⚪஺᪷⚪“AlfredMarshall”W!"X$Y$#Z[\ᑮ“^_ᦔa1R”ᡠcᩭḄ#efghiḼ"XkᵨAlfredMarshallḄmnᩭopq#FGrḄញt⊤v஺ᵫxWyqzkᵨ{|mnᑣ4~#PḄ“^_ᦔa1R”vᦑD⌱⚗UV஺23.B⁚⚪஺᪷"transient”W!"%$"X஺Y⊤^_ᢗὅD~ᢗ_ẆᡈḄ஺ᵫxWy^_ᢗ:rDḄfg4ᑭḄ¢£DcᩭḄ?☢fg¥ᜧᦑB⌱⚗UV஺24.C⁚⚪஺᪷⚪PḄTheUS§FranceW!ᦻ¨Ḅ᎔ᦪXஹ%$஺᎔ᦪ"%$ᑮ¬'®Ḅ⃬°±-ᝍ´±ᑭ(Sarbanes-Oxley)µᫀ:¶ᑴ“^_ᦔa1R”¸ᑮe¹ºᵨ»iḼ᎔ᦪ"X$¼µ~½¾½ᙠÀÁ“_ᦔa1R”Â☢Ãᨵ¥ÄÅÆḄᙢÂ஺ᵫxWy¬§µÈᙠ~É7“_ᦔa1R”ÊËÌ᩽ÎÏᦑC⌱⚗UV஺25.B1ÐPÑ⚪஺ᦻ¨"#$ÒÓFGÔÕH᪀:67ÖÕÉ7#⚗.+AᐸØ3Ḅ»X!Ù$ᑮ“rDP^_ᦔa1RÚ7”vAVᢣ'“^_ᦔa1R”ḄÛ᩽fg»᎔ᦪXஹ%$¼¬µÜ~½É7“_ᦔa1R”W¼ÊËḄᐹÞÎÏ»ßàáâãäåæᐵè6789Ḅ^_éᦔÃᐵè_éᦔ஺Wêᦻ¨ëìFGᢗíZãä_ᢗḄî⌕ឋᵫx,ᢗὅñYòᢝὊÑḼõØᑭaB⌱⚗4:xḄᔠᳮᭆøᦑUV஺A⌱⚗ù4ᦻPḄúᑖᑁýþ¼ᭆøᐰᦻ
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ᦑᙳ᣸◀஺Text2Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness',—ishelpingraise

39GPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialsalsotendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.<4Ultimately,^^saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,4tweseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateonThatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill——feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students*andcolleges,incentivesseemtobealigned.26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?[A]Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.[B]Students9indifferencetoGPAs.[C]Colleges,neglectofGPAs.ID]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.[B]Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.[C]Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.[D]Toincreaseuniversities,incomefromtuition.28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto.[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport[B]boosttheirstudentenrollments[C]improvetheirteachingquality[D]meetlocalgovernments9needs29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Para.6)mostprobablymean?[A]Tocounterbalanceeachother.[B]Tocomplementeachother.[C]Tobeidenticalwitheachother.ID]Tobecontradictorytoeachother.30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.[A]assessingitsfeasibility[B]analyzingthecausesbehindit[CJcomparingdifferentviewsonit[D]listingitslong-runeffectsᫀ᪆26.D⁚⚪஺᪷⚪Ḅgradeinflation!"#$"#%
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ᦑB⌱⚗RSText3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein}or,TheModemPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:44Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?9Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld"and"Humans”.Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.^^Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision“todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,Uyouquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofALAlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI“thatwouldcause"'overallharm",ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein^outof-controlmonster.31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit.IAJfascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld[B]hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years[C]involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday[D]hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies

4132.InDavidEagleman9sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness.[A]helpsexplainartificialintelligenceIB]canbemisleadingtorobotmaking[C]inspirespopularsci-fiTVseriesID]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles.[AJcanhardlyeverbefound[B]isstillbeyondourcapacity[C]causeslittlepublicconcern[D]hasarousedmuchcuriosity34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof.[A]affirmation[B]skepticism[C]contempt[D]respect35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]Al'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants[B]Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI[C]TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableID]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlᫀ᪆31.C⁚⚪஺ᵫ⚪ḄMaryShelleyFrankensteiø!"#$"#%஺&%ᢣK
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ᡠᵨ஺ᵫᐰᦻḄ⍝⚪!"#$⚪%&'ᩖ)*+ᢈ-./0ḄC⌱⚗*3ᦻ4ᑁ6Ḅᔠᳮᭆ:ᦑ<=஺Text4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxfor

42thestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.€tEachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedStates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield”.Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon.com,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittotheState.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill.[Albetterbusinesses9relationswithstates[B]putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma[C]makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax[DJforcesomestatestocutsalestax37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions.[A]haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce[B]havecostconsumersalotovertheyears[CJwerewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers[DIwereconsideredunfavorablebystates38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas.[A]hinderedeconomicdevelopment[B]broughtprosperitytothecountry[C]harmedfairmarketcompetition[D]boostedgrowthinstates'revenue39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?[A]Internetentrepreneurs.[B]Big-chainowners.[C]Third-partysellers.[D]Smallretailers.40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor.[A]givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences[Bldescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking[CJpresentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem[DIcitessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications?ᫀA᪆C36.CDEF⁚⚪஺᪷I⚪JᐵLMTheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdayNOPQ$R✌TUTVᑮ᪷IXYᨬ[\▾ᕜ_`aḄ$⚗bcXYᔜefᨵᩗ!ᑴ⌕klmḄᙠopqᱥstu├wx஺C⌱⚗“z{lmo|qᱥὅtu├wx"ᦻ"forcemorepeopletopaysalestax”3ᦑ<=஺A⌱⚗ᡠᔜeḄᐵ*ᔲᨵᡠᦋᗐᙠᦻ-Vᦑ᣸◀஺37.Dᑨ⚪஺᪷I⚪JNOPQR$ஹT#TVᑮCIᔜe#⚗c

43¡⌼ᡂ¤¥xᦈᦈ§ᜫ©sª«ᜧᔜe3®¯oqᖪ±²ᦈ├wxḄ³´஺ᓽ3e¶·ᩭ¹ºḄc3ᔜe»ᩭ¼᩽Ḅ¾¿஺D⌱⚗ÀᔠÁᦑ<=஺ᦻ-VᨵᐵᵯÃᖪÄᜐÆÇÈᙢOḄᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺38.CDEF⁚⚪஺ᵫ⚪J-ḄJusticeAnthonyKennedythephysicalpresenceruleNOPQ_RQÊT஺UTᢣaC(ᜧ\ÍÎÏЕÒÐÓ)Õ#⚗ÖN“▲ᑴᔜeØkÙÚÛ₫ḄÝÞßàáâὅãäåæçè°”C⌱⚗“§ëåæḄàáçè”*3Ḅ©ìíᦑ<=஺39.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺ᵫ⚪J-ḄwelcomeiheSupremeCourtrulingNOPîRQ$TUTVᑮC#⚗bc*ᜧïð┝Ḅòᑭ஺ᵫᜧïð┝Ḅὁõöᨬ÷bc-øùúmûᨬᨵüᢝᨬ[\▾ḄbcᦑB⌱⚗<=஺40.AÇþᜧÁ⚪஺ᦻ4✌Raᨬ[\▾Ḅ÷bcÿᑮᔲḄᐸ◍▊ᜧ┝!ஹᔜ$%&'ᐸ()ᐵḄ+,஺./ᐰᦻ23ὅ567ᙠ9:;7ᙢ=>?@ᐸ+,2ᦑ⌱⚗ADE஺ᦻFᙠ▊Ḅ)ᐵ+,G.2IᓫᑡL5MᫀO2P>QRᫀOSTᡠ⌼ᡂḄ+,XYᑖ᪆2ᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[AJThesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespectandunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto"win"anargument.[B]Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessesinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.[C]Noneofthesewillbeeasy,butyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.[E]Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluenceCarnegiewrote:uThereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.[F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.[GJThereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes”,andIyell,"No”,neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigher

44minimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.41.242.bF-43.r44.fCr45.jᫀk᪆l41.E᪷no⚪qrst2ᦻu✌wx⌕z{|⚪஺.}ᔜ⌱⚗2A⌱⚗'Thesetools~ᜮ2these⊤{ᦻᨵᑮ)ᐵᑁ2ᦑs7✌஺B⌱⚗✌FḄofcourse⊤{57ᐵ2ᦑs7✌஺D⌱⚗✌ᑮ2᝞@7ᧅḄ2ᓱὊḄ/zR7ḄCarnegiewouldberight),ᵫst2ᦻᑮᓱὊḄ/z2ᦑ7✌஺G⌱⚗✌FḄabetterway¡¢Ḅ£¤⊤{ᐸ¥ᨵ¦᜜5¨¢Ḅ£¤2ᦑs7✌஺E⌱⚗✌©ª«¬®his,P¯°Ḽ²ᢣªhisᡠᢣ®Ḅ7DaleCarnegie,>´ᢣ®ᦻ2µ~¶·ᵨ¹¬Ḅ/z·ªᦻuḄ|⚪“@”7¼¶½¾Ḅxᵨ!¤2ᦑE⌱⚗¿✌஺42.DᵫÀEÁ⌱⚗FÂÃÄ2Å᪷nF⌱⚗✌ḄTheseviewsofargumentsst25ÆᐵÇ@Ḅ/z஺F⌱⚗ÈFᡠ“ÉÊË375ÌᧅᡈÎÏ(seeaconversationasafightorcompetition)”ᢣḄR7✌ᡠḄTheseviewsoᜓ⌱⚗Dᑮcompetitions,µD⌱⚗FḄargumentswereevenjustcompetitionsF⌱⚗FḄseeaconversationasa...competition⊤Ò)Ó2ᦑDE஺43.GG⌱⚗✌FḄabetterwayFÔinoneway)µG⌱⚗✌FḄtowinargumentsFÔḄhelpyouwin)2Õ⊤Öᙠ@F×Ø2ᦑG⌱⚗¿DEjᫀ஺44.BᵫC⌱⚗ÂÃÄ2C⌱⚗✌NoneofthesewillbeeasyFḄthese⊤Ö5ᑮtheseᢣ®ḄᐹÚYÛ஺ÜB⌱⚗FÝ¢ᑡLᐹÚo¤:weneedto...nottoaccuseWeneedtolearnbutwealsoneedtoadmitHumilityrequiresyoutorecognizeand...toacceptᦑB⌱⚗¿DEjᫀ஺45.AᵫA⌱⚗✌ḄThesetoolsst25ᨵtools)ᐵḄᑁ2µ75¨ßàឋâ஺C⌱⚗FḄâãᵨἌå2æ5ᑡ£¤2A⌱⚗FḄtools)2ᦑA⌱⚗¿DEjᫀ஺PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbolhhealthscaresandshort-liveddielaiyenlhusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience",publishedontheRoyalSociety'sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofDapcrsihalwouldhavebeenrequiredforihcsameposlonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytrninetoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant'spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotf஺஺thefactthatscientistscaeeasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orqetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.Boilingdownanindividual\outputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberofpublicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyandambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.(50)Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatouூscienceis

45bothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.46.jᫀlèéêëFᐙíḼᜧîḄïðÊ25ñòóôõö᜜Y÷øÚù⍝2Rû·ü¬ýᏉÿ⚪ḄអᨚḄ஺জ᪀ᑖ᪆ᔠ஺Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsense,!inthemedicaljournals"#!$᪷&'!()*+,-./ᐸ1which23Ḅ4!5$which67ᐜ9thiskindofnonsense"4!5Ḅ!$:;<Ḅ!=$*ḕᶍ@-஺ᐸABCᝅEwhen23ḄFG#!5$᪷&'!()*,H4!5+ᓫJ-.஺ঝᑁM⌕Oᑖ᪆nonsensePQRS஺takeup᪷&!᛻*U2ᵭW-“YZ$[⍝7short-lived]“ᨚḄ$^Ḅ"஺“lay”ᙠabcdM$⊤f“ghiḄ$᜜9Ḅ‘/abḄ"thelaypress"ᢣḄghimn஺47.oᫀ᝞r$stᵭuẆwxyḄz◤|⊤Ḅ}ᦻᦪ10+ᵭuxyᡠ◤}ᦻᦪḄ஺জ᪀ᑖ᪆AḄanyonehastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapers,applyingforaresearchpostᐙ@46anyoneḄ4!$ᵫH4!*Uᙠ⛲R+-.$ᜐᳮ“Ḅz”/ᐸthat|3wouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsagoᐙthenumberofpapersḄ4!5/ᨬ14!5Ḅ!wouldhavebeenrequiredᵨE!᝱$-ᦻᔠ'!⊤()$W-F¡஺ঝᑁM⌕Oᑖ᪆twicethenumberof*-”...ᦪḄ48.oᫀz£¤¥¦§¨ᑴaª«Ḅ|¬$᝞$®4¯°Ḅ±ᦪ᪗³´ᐭ¶ᵭuz|⊤Ḅ}ᦻḄ·¸A஺জ᪀ᑖ᪆AAttemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,¹$W-F*Uº»¼½!Ḅ¾¿$¡஺ᢥ᯿'!()$¼-!“z£”ᡈ“ÃᐵzÅ:'forexample"Çᐭ!$*-“᝞”஺ঝᑁM⌕Oᑖ᪆*®incorporate…into…-"®...´ᐭ....Ésomemeasureof-"4¯°Ḅ49.oᫀÊ@ËÌÍΣ*UÏ᧕ᙢᙠr1|⊤Ḅ}ᦻA2ᵨÒÓ¤Ô|⊤Ḅ}ᦻ$ᡈÕÖa᪵cUᣚÙÚÛḄÜᜐ$aÝcÞ®ᔠᳮḄ஺জ᪀ᑖ᪆ᔠ஺᪀Thiswouldbereasonable/ᐸ1if23Ḅᩩà#!$ᐸAitPá▭]ã$ᦑḕᶍ@-/ᨬ1that23Ḅy!5$åæçèthefact*ḕ-$oréy!5Ḅêᑡì᪀can...arrangetocite(can)getassociatesc]í᦮$*ᙠcitethemselves(2ᵨÒÓ)1¼-“……Ḅ}ᦻ”/ᔠ'!⊤()$*ᨬ1-.஺ঝᑁM⌕Oᑖ᪆reasonable]“ᔠᳮḄ"஺associates]“Ö”஺50.oᫀ᝞ñᡃ£óḄôõöᡃ£ḄÌÍᨵ]ãø*ùúḄ$ûüýöþᡃ£Ḅᑴ°ÿ
Ḅ஺জ᪀ᑖ᪆ᔠ஺wemustensure...,“ᡃ!"#……%ᐸ'that()*+,-mustensureḄ*+./If()Ḅᩩ12+,3-Ḅᩩ12+3ᐸ4that()*+,-ensuringḄ*+஺ঝᑁ7⌕9ᑖ᪆beseriousabout(ᵭ“;Ḅ<”,institutions?"ᑴB”஺SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Supposeyouareworkingforthe“AidingRuralPrimarySchool“projectofyouruniversity.Writeanemailtoanswertheinquiryfromaninternationalstudentvolunteer,specifyingthedetailsoftheproject.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyouownnameattheendoftheemail.Use“LiMing,7instead.(10points)ᦻ

46DearSirorMadam,It'sagreathonortolearnthatyouareinterestedinthe“AidingRuralPrimarySchool“project,andhavealreadyappliedforavolunteerpositionbefore.Nowpleaseletmegiveabriefintroductionaboutthisproject.The“AidingRuralPrimarySchool“project,foundedin2010,aimsathelping6to12-year-oldpoorkidswholiveinpoverty-strickenfamiliesinremoteruralareasofChina.Everyyear,morethan1,500volunteerteachersengagethemselvesintheruralteachingactivities.Thisyear,theprojectwillbeginatMar.1,lastingforfourmonths,sopleasepreparesomeclothesanddailynecessitiesforyourownuseinadvance.Consideringthatthekids'Englishmaybepoor,you'dbetterlearnsomebasicChinesetoensurethefeasibilityofyourteachingplan.Theymustbeverydelightedifyoucouldbringthemsomegiftslikebooks,stationeryandclothes.Welcometojoinus!Iamsurethatyouwillhaveameaningfulandunforgettableexperience.Pleasecontactmethroughemailsatanytimeifthereareanyfurtherquestions.Yourssincerely,LiMing⚪⌕GH᪷J⚪K4ᡠMNOᑏQRN஺ᐰᦻTᑖUVᑖ3WVᑖX⌕YZ[\]ᑏN^ᵫ.W`Vᑖ᪷J⚪NOabcde⚗K3Tghijb⁚.WUVᑖl+3⊤nop஺q?N1rst஺PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)inteipretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)⌶ᦻInthepicture,therearetwopeopleonthemountainside.Oneiscomplainingabouthowtiredheisandwantstostop,reflectinghispersonalityofgivinguphalfway;whiletheotheriscomfortinghisfellowandmeanwhilepreparingtokeeponclimbingafterashortbreak,indicatinghisattitudeofperseverance.It'sundoubtedthatthelatterismorelikelytoreachthemountaintop.Thispictureexpressesaprofoundphilosophicalidea-theimportanceofperseverance.Throughoutthehistory,numeroussuccessfulpeoplehaveprovedthepositiveinfluenceofperseverance.ThomasEdison,thefamousAmericaninventor,triedover6,000kindsofmaterialsbeforehefinallyfoundoutthemostappropriateoneforbulbs.Evensufferingalotfromcountlessfailures,Edisonnevergaveupbutcontinued,whichfinallyledhimtosuccess.Hisstoryvividlydemonstratedthatperseverancecanencouragepeopletomakegreatereffortsfor

47theirgoalsinspiteoffrustratingsetbacks.What'smore,itisperseverancethatdrivesustokeepmovingwhenwearetiredoutorlackingpassions.Theinherentpotentialandpowerofourhumanbeingsmaybeallbroughtoutunderthepushofperseverance.Onthecontrary,ifwegiveuphalfway,wewillendupnowherewithtimeandenergywasted.Therefore,Ithinkperseveranceisindispensableonthewaytosuccess.Thoughwemaybediscouragedorstuckindifficulties,remembertobepersistentandkeepgoingwithastrongwill,finallywewillsucceed.⚪⌕G᪷Juvwxᑁ7y▊x{|3T}-ᦻᑖUᜧVᑖ஺WVᑖwxuvᑁ7yn{|3⊤]HḄ93ᓽᨵᢝḄᨬ'ᡂ.W`Vᑖᑡ᰿axᢝḄ⌕ឋ.WUVᑖ/ᵭ9஺

482018ὃẆ+;⚪ᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition(1)manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour(2),inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh(3).(4),whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.(5)peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat(6)pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto(7)withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure(8)thishormoneputsusinatrusting(9):InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir(10)whoinhaledsomethingelse.(11)forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay(12)us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate(13)acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach(14)toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,uWow!^^Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook(15).Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf(16)thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad(17)them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere(18)tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.(19),onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe”(20)testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.IAJon6.[A]selects11.[AJFunny16.[AJdiscovered[B]likefB]produces[B]Lucky[B]proved[C]for[C]applies[CJOdd[CJinsistedfD]from[D]maintainsfD]Ironic[D]remembered2.[AJfaith7.[AJconsult12.[AJmonitor17.[A]betrayed[B]concern[B]compete[B]protect[B]wronged[C]attention[C]connect[C]surprise[C]fooled[D]interest[D]compare[D]delight[D]mocked3.[A]benefit8.[A]at13.[A]between18.[A]forced[B]debt[B]by[B]within[B]willing[C]hope[C]of[C]toward[C]hesitant[D]price[D]tofD]over[D]entitled4.[A]Therefore9.[A]context14.[A]transferred19.[A]Incontrast[B]Then[B]mood[B]added[B]Asaresult[C]Instead[C]period[C]introduced[C]Onthewhole[D]Again[D]circle[D]entrusted[D]Forinstance5.[A]Until10.[A]counterparts15.[A]out20.[A]inflexible[B]UnlessIB]substitutes[BJback[B]incapable[C]Although[Clcolleagues[C]around[C]unreliable[DJWhen[D]supportersID]insideIDJunsuitableᫀ¢᪆1.Ce⚪◤⌕⌱¥c¦3§'☢Ḅmanyworthwhilethings᪀ᡂ'©ª+«⛲®¯°Ḅcondition,T“±²³´⌕µ¶ᩭ\⌕Ḅᩩ1`C⚗for⊤n“±²”3¸ᔠ?஺ᦑº»ᫀC஺2.A¼ᜐ¾¿putḄ*+3®ᦻÀᑮ3“Â☢3Nñ³´⌕µ¶ᩭ\⌕ᩩ13Ä᝞᯿ÇÈ3ÉÊË”3ᵫ¼TÌe⚪ÍᯠᙠÐxᐵ²⚪trustḄÒ⚪3ᡠÓᨵfaithNÃÔᣚ஺ᦑº»ᫀA஺3.D᪷JÖ×ᦻTÌ3ᵫ²W`\NÃḄØᜐ3ÙÚ¼ᜐÛe\ḄNÃᡠÜḄÝᜐ3§ØᜐÞ±Ä3ahighprice?“ß᧊áâ”஺ᦑº»ᫀD஺

494.BÖãᢣ¯NÃᨵᑭᨵæ3ãçÀ¯“ᡃèÚ⌕NÔ3é¼Tᑨªëìᙠ⌴îïð஺ñthenᨬ¸ᔠ⌴îïðᐵò஺ᦑº»ᫀB஺5.DÖᦻÀᑮNÃḄóéôõö÷—〉஺NÃᡈûüý3ᜧᾯÿ
₹ℳ஺ᨵwhen……ᔠᦻ஺6.B!"#ᜧᾯ&₹ℳ#'₹ℳ()៝+Ḅ"-,produceᓽ01“”#ᨬᔠ஺7.Cconnectwith5..ὶ8#᪷:;<ᜐ>☢@AḄherdinginstinct"CDE(”ᑨG#HI⌱Kconnect⊤M“5ὶ8”஺ᦑOPQᫀ1C஺8.DSᜐὃUVWXY஺exposuretoZᑮ……\]ᐝᙠ……#`aVWXY஺ᦑOPQᫀ1D஺9.Bᦻbᑮc₹ℳ(d)៝+Ḅfeeling"-#Sᜐᦑ⌱efmood஺10.Aᱥhif+counterpart1VWḄXY#⊤MjkHḄᡈᱥ#5>ᦻḄZmὅsubjecto᯿#⊤MqrjkḄZmὅ஺11.B᪷:t1Ḅ#S⌱ᑣbetween⊤M14ᨴᜧḄ(ᙠḄᑖ஺13.A᪷:ᦻᑁvw#Sᜐ;⊤M⋐Ḅprotect,ᓽ“ᡃZ……ᦑ⚗OP஺14.Cbeintroducedto1VWXY#⊤M“”ᡈὅ“¡……”#᪷:0w#C⚗OP஺15.D᪷:ᦻw#ᵫa¢ᐹ|ᙠvᘤᑁḄ#ᡠ¦HI⌱Kinside⊤M“ᔣ……ᑁ§¨”஺16.A>ᦻ©halfofthemfoundatoy,ᓽªAc¢ᐹ#ᦑt☢Ḅ“q«”¬HI|“ᑮ“#discover5find0e#ᦑOPQᫀ1A஺17.Cᵫaq«®ᑮ¯mὅ“°”#±ᓾ³´µ¶ᑮ#ᦑx¯1·“¸¹c”஺ᡠ¦OPQᫀ1C஺18.Bbewillingtodo⊤Mº0»¼½#᪷:t§ᑖᑁv#“j·Ḅ⚞¿(À”w#SᜐHI|º0Yᔠ஺ᦑOPQᫀ1B஺19.A᪷:tᦻᑁv“30ÁÂ5º0ÃÄÅÆ”w#Sᜐ0ᙠ5>ᦻ⊤kÇ஺ᦑ⌱KA஺20.C᪷:ᦻw#º0ᔠÈḄÉ|·-ÊËÌc#ᡠ¦|“w”Ḅ¯mὅ஺unreliablewḄÍw☠Ḅ஺SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.40points
Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabelterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.

50Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?[A]Leadingpoliticians.[B]Low-wagelaborers.[C]Robotowners.[D]Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?[AlWorriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.[BJOptimists5opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.[C]IssuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackledID]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison.[A]creativepotential.[B]job-huntingskills.[CJindividualneeds.[D]cooperativespirit.24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat.[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith.[A]opposingviewsonit.[B]possiblesolutionstoit.[C]itsalarmingimpacts.[D]itsmajorvariations.QᫀÐ᪆\21.D᪷:EᦻzÒÓzÒw#“ᜧÔᨵ«ḄÕÖ&×ØᜐaÙÚÛÆᓄḄÝ◅ß”#ᐸß▤âw(Zᑮ᩽ᜧḄäÀ஺å᪷:EÓz擱çèß▤âḄé×ᓱëìØஹîïðñஹòóôõ——÷øùúc·Ḅᐶü”w#ß▤âZᑮcýþ஺ᦑOPQᫀ1D஺22.CC⌱⚗ß“ÛÆᓄÿ
Ḅ⚪”ᙠᑮ஺▤ᡠ⍗ᑮḄ⚪஺ᙠὅ!"⚪!#$ᙠᓽ“'()ᓻ+ὦ-"஺ᡠC/0!⌱⚗஺23.A᪷45ᦻ7Ḅ“8"9:;ὃᦟ>?@AB”“CDᙢᐵGH⌼JKᩖḄMN”ᦑA⌱⚗Ḅ“H⌼ឋḄQJ”)ᐸ⊤TḄUᑖWX"⌱⚗0!஺24.D᪷4Y“ᨬ[ᵫ]^_ᓄa᡽ᜧd5ᦈᐭg_ᦈᐭhiḄjklᦈmᐰo(p(9:ὃ⇋”r[ᦻὅstᙢuv᝞xᵨlᦈᦋᗐ^_ᓄḄ|}~lᦈḄ᪗8")D⌱⚗Ḅ■“ᦈᐭjk᡽ᜧ”ᦑD/0!⌱⚗஺

5125.B᪷4ᦻὅ✌ᐜv⚪ᓽ᝞x8^_ᓄḄ|}[▅ᦻ7Y~ὅv᝞ᦋᗐᦟ>lᦈstḄ஺ᦑ0!ᫀ/B஺Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse^distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives-especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis"readererror,moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin^misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue."ThisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblemJsaysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson.[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.[B]people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.[C]theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation.[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.27.Thephrase“beefup''(Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]sharpen[B]define[C]boast[D]share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople.[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.[CJhavestrongsenseofresponsibility.[D]liketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis.[A]readersoutdatedvalues.[B]joumalists,biasedreporting[C]readers'misinterpretation.[D]journalists'made-upstories.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

52[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline[BlACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend[CJTheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsᫀ᪆26.D✌ᐜᙠ5ᦻuvᱯᨽ£¤ᵨ¥ᱯ¦⊤§¨©ªᢝᔲ᝱¯°±᪷4ᨬ[44%Ḅᵨᡝ(³´BuzzFeedḄ:µ~¶D·¸¹º»¼½¾☢:µḄÀ#ឋᢝᝰᶧ᝱¯஺ᦑ0!ᫀ/D஺27.A▅᦮~ᵫ]Ä(´Åº»¼½ḄÆǾᓣᡠ¥Ébeefup)ᢣ“ËÌ”:µḄaJÍa8ÎÎ##Ḅ:µ஺ᦑ⌱Ïsharpen,ÐbeefupḄÑÒ³Ó஺28.B5ᦻḄÔᓽÕvÖ¤ᵨ“Uᑖ´Å”Ḅ×ᩭÙDÚÛ⍝ÝÞ:µß!ឋ஺Ô[☢ḄUᑖàáâãÄ)᝞xÝÞḄ஺ᦑ0!ᫀ/B஺29.C᪷45ᦻ᎔ᦪḄÔ~ÎᎷ:µçḄèW)ὅḄ“┯ê'°ìí:µ5î)ÎᎷᡈὅð⌼Ḅ஺ᦑ0!ᫀ/C஺30.ANᐰᦻὅᐜuvº»¼½ñò:µ
Ḅóô±:µÀ#ឋᨵ^öḄᑨøãÄ◤⌕û¦:µüḄ+ýþÿ
᧜ᐸḄᐶ஺A⚗ᐰᦻḄᦑ⌱A஺Text3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinfoiTnationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled“thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.[C]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith.[A]emptypromises.[B]toughresistance.

53[CJnecessaryadjustments.[D]sincereapologies.33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that.[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.[B]leakingpatients9dataisworsethansellingit.[C]makingprofitsfrompatients9dataisillegal.[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis.IAJtheviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis.[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D]contemptuous.ᫀ"᪆$31.B᪷&ᦻ'()Ḅᨬ+(,-“ᐰ/ὃ⇋234Ḅ◚6ᩗ”9:NHSDeepMind;<=☄ᦪ&Ḅ@ABᨵD2ḄᩗᑭFGHᨵḄIJ஺ᦑKLᫀB஺32.Cᦻ'M)'M,-“TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways”NOᙠᦈᑮᑨT+UVWXYZ᦮\]^Ḅ_`ab஺ᦑ⌱cdefḄC⌱⚗஺33.D'M)Ḅ+ghᑖ`ὅkl\ᦪ&ḄᡠᙠᓽNHSDᦪ&Ḅ“ᓰᨵ”Dᦪ&Ḅᜐᳮab(stDeepMind),uv\ᦪ&Ḅ஺ᦑKLᫀD஺34.D᪷&'w)'w,-xuyuᑮ“KzḄ{⚪ᙠ}~}6ᨵḄᚘ'ᓽeᐵḄᦪ&ᚘ{⚪ᡂ\᪶{⚪஺
D⌱⚗ᔠ⚪c஺35.Bᵫ}`ὅᙠᨬ+()Ḅᨬ+(,-⊤᝕ᑨTNHSDeepMind;<Ḅs᧕“Ḅ”ᦑ¡`ὅ¢ᢝ“ᢇ¥”᝱§Ḅ஺ᐹᨵᔲªcdḄB⌱⚗஺ᦑKLᫀB஺Text4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved-Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate-wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There5snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency'scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohave

54killedit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettiiabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby.[AJitsunbalancedbudget.fB]itsrigidmanagement.[CJthecostfortechnicalupgrading.[D]thewithdrawalofbanksupport.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto.[A]theinterferencefrominterestgroups.[B]theinadequatefundingfromCongress.[C]theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.[D]theincompetenceofpostalunions.38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby.[A]removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.[B]makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.[C]adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.[D]attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith.[A]respect.fB]tolerance.[CJdiscontent.[D]gratitude.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[AlTheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysIBJThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese[ClTheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureID]ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aidᫀ"᪆$36.Bᵫ}⚪«{ᑮḄ¬USPSG®¯°±²Ḅ“hᑖ³
”´᪷&ᦻ'()ᨬ+(,-“▰ῖḄ·¸᪀¬¸ᳮº/»ᮣ½ᙢ¿ÀZ᦮ᑮÁḄ®Âx஺”9Ã:⍝KLᫀB஺37.A⚪«{¬USPS/»Â®®ÅᓄÇÈḄ³
ªÉᦻḄ'M)஺'M)᦮)sÅ\USPSÊ»ᦋ☩ᜫÎḄ³

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55anewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.B.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment?ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.C.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithfonnulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.D.ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.E.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.F.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.GThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.41.—C742._43.->F_44.—45.ᫀ41.(E)C42.(G)-43.(A)-F-44.(B)-45.(D)ᫀa᪆41.EᵫE⌱⚗EEOBḄᐰᯠ⌱⚗w>[EEOBAK>[ᨵ
ᨵᐰ>[ᦑ&BᫀE஺42.G⌱⚗>[45;<ᑨᦻ;xᨵḄvG>[ᐵ
ThehistoryoftheEEOB,ᓽEEOBᜧḄᔊ¢஺43.AA⌱⚗>[
InDecemberof1869,ᨬ¤Ḅ¥ᦻᑁ:T⌱ᙬN§¨Jᔠ©ª஺44.BlᦻFLᑮ¨17«B>[¬ᡂCompletedin1875,Jᔠ©ª஺45.D8ᦻ®¬EEOBḄᔊ¢☢N§®ᙠEEOB°±Ḅ℉³ᱥᦑᫀD஺PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaliragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswas

56threateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywh஺wentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasafnimofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thefirstpublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpeimanenitheaters,anduniversitymenwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntoihesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)AnativeliterarydramahadbeencreatedஹitsalliancewithChepublicplayhousesestablished,andatIcaslsomeofilsgrcaltraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgrealwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.46.ூ¶ᦻ௃ᑮ¸¹º»>¼Ḅ«½¾¿ᔊÀᦟÂᒓḄÄÅᐹᨵö÷ᱯ⁐ḄᦻÓÂᒓùᐸú±ᐳᒓü6ý{ᩭþÖäÿᜧḄ஺50.ூᦻ௃ᑮᒓḄᜧឋᡃᱞ!"ᒓ#$%&ᜫ()*+,ᨵ.℉012Ḅᐰ415678ᶇ:;஺SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampusinvitingthemtoattendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremailyoushouldincludetime,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERSHEETDonotuseyourownnameattheendoftheemail.Use“LiMing^instead.(10points)ᦻ=

57DearSirorMadam,Iamwritingthisletterinordertoinviteyoutoattendtheforthcominggraduationceremony.Theceremonywillbehostedintheauditoriumonourcampus,at10o*clockinthemorningonnextMonday,January15.Itisbetterforyoutodressformal.Pleaseletusknowyourdecisionwhethertoattendourceremonyassoonaspossiblesothatwecouldsendyoufurtherdetailsaboutit.Andherewesincerelyhopeyoucouldacceptthisinvitationandbringthegraduatesawonderfulmemorythatday.Ifyouareavailable,itwillbehighlyappreciatedifyoucouldgiveusanearliestfavorablereply.Yourssincerely,LiMing>ᦻ?⌕ὃBCDE$7FGHIᵨK஺LM⌕N1ᦻ✌P*7QRᩭCḄ?⌕TḄᓽ⍸WXYZ[ᐺH஺]^_⌕QR`aZ.[ᐺHḄcdᙢfghijHIᵨKkl⊤nopqrsᓽ*஺ᨬu_gvHIᙢwx⍸W஺PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly.2)interpretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)3{|ᡭcᦻ=Asshowninthepicture,astudentsitsinfrontofacomputerwonderingwhatkindofcourseheshouldchoose.Onekindofcoursecanbepassedeasilywithhighscoreandonlycontainssmallamountofhomework,whiletheotherkindofcourseisdifficultbutwithbrandnewknowledgeandanemphasisoncreativity.However,Ibelievethispictureistryingtopointoutadilemmathatmostofthecollegestudentsarefacingrightnow—whethertochasehighgradesortogainmoreknowledgeandpracticingopportunity.Ifsworthconsideringbecausethecurrentsituationforcesustochaseastraight-Atranscripttogainscholarshiporevenjobopportunity.Butwecan'tneglectthefactthatgoodgradesdoesn'tmeanonehasthematchingabilitiestosupporthimtodevelopfurther.Infact,creativityiswhatmodernsocietyreallyneedsnowadays,aswecanlearnfromhownewtechnologychangesourlife.Therefore,herewecallforalltheschoolsandcompaniestopaymoreattentiontothestandardofhowtoevaluatestudents,andtakingmeasurestotrainmorecreativetalents.~ᙶᙠᵯᾯὃ⇋⌱“ᑖஹ᧕ஹ1[Ḅ⌱“ஹᨵஹᨵḄ஺ᦑ>ᦻ*7;ᜧ¡¢ᜐᙠ¤ᢑḄ¦§¨᝞ᝄ¡«q¬[⌕N¡¢ᨵ®¯Ḅᡂ±ᓫq³▭µ¶◤⌕Ḅᨵ+¸Ḅ¹º»¼½¾Ḅᡂ±¿À+»¼Áᨵ+¸Â⌕Ãĵ¶ᦋÆÇ¡¢ḄÈÉ᪗ËÌÍÂ"Ḅι஺

582017ÏὃẆÑKÒÓÔ⚪FÖᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding"yes!”(1)helpingyoufeelcloseand(2)topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthathugscanbringa(3)ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou(4)gettingsickthiswinter.Inarecentstudy(5)over400healthadults,researchersfromCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs(6)theparticipants'susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing(7)tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome(8)withacold,andtheresearchers(9)thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging(10)about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.(11)amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere(12).“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe(13)riskforcoldsthat'susually(14)withstress/9notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps(15)thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp(16)difficulty.^^Someexperts(17)thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghormone"(18)itpromotesattachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit(19)inthebrain,whereit(20)mood,behaviorandphysiology.1.[A]Unlike6.[AJof11.[AJEven16.[A]inthefaceof[B]Besides[B]in[B]Still[B]intheformof[C]Despite[CJat[CJRather[CJinthewayof[D]Throughout[D]on[D]Thus(D]inthenameof2.[AJconnected7.[AJdevoted12.[AJdefeats17.[AJtransfer[B]restrictedfB]exposed[B]symptoms[B]commit[C]equal[C]lost[C]tests[C]attribute[D]inferior[D]attracted[D]errors[D]return3.[A]choice8.[A]across13.[A]minimized18.[A]because[B]view[B]along[B]highlighted[B]unless[C]lesson[C]down[C]controlled[C]though[D]host[D]outfD]increased[D]until4.[A]recall9.[A]calculated14.[A]equipped19.[A]emerges[B]forget[B]denied[B]associated[B]vanishes[C]avoid[C]doubted[C]presented[C]remains[D]keep[D]imagined[D]compared[D]decreases5.[A]collecting10.[A]served15.[A]assess20.[A]experiences[B]involvingIB]required(BJmoderate[B]combines[C]guiding[C]restored[C]generate[C]justifies[DJaffecting[D]explainedID]record[D]influencesᫀ*᪆,l.Bὃ./0ᦻḄ23ᐵ4஺/ᦻᦋᑏ789ᜩ;<=>?@ABCDEᡃGᔩIJᫀKLMḄ஺0☢ᑣᐹÙ▊ÛÜÝḄÞᜐ§ßàáᦻâãäåᐵçB⌱⚗besidesé“◀……ì᜜ᨵ……ᑣ>P⊤ï“ÜÝ◀*7ðñòóôñᐵõḄÂö÷ì᜜*7……஺unlikeÀøù஺despiteúû஺throughoutüý஺2.AὃB÷þÿ
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;஺5.Bὃ.u᪆஺RS,ᙠ;⚗]ᏉYᡂḄẆẆὅmᑮ……ᙠ¢£ᜐ¤¥8¦⛲study,InvolvingS“oᒹ©“ᙠᜐ8ᨬ«¬ᦑklᫀ஺collectingᦈ஺affecting®¯஺guiding°±஺6.Dὃ.஺ᐹ³KḄ´⚪஺RS,¶·¸¹ºᢝg¼½=>};ᦔ¿ÀÁ½Ãὅᙠ¼ÄÅÆǶᑈḄ᧕¶ឋ஺}Ë☢ᨵ<ᐵÌḄeffect,haveaneffectonS“¿....ᨵ®¯¿...ÎÏᵨ"o஺ᐸeffect☢ofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs,of°±ḄÔ᪀¦⛲effect஺klᫀD⌱⚗஺7.Bὃ.QM஺RS,Ẇ½Ãὅᙠ¼ÄÅÆǶᑈḄ᧕¶ឋ஺beexposedtoS“;Ö☄À...."Øᔠ⚪SklᫀB⌱⚗஺devotedtoÙÚÀ஺lostÛᜫ஺attractᔾ°oÞß஺8.Cὃ.tgḄ஺/ᦻàᑮáâẆ½Ãὅᙠ¼ÄÅÆǶᑈḄ᧕¶ឋ஺⚪ãáâḄÔäᨵḼæᜧ¶·¸¹ºᢝçèḄǶᑈḄé᳛æ)஺comedownwithacold⊤a"Ƕᑈ"஺klᫀC⌱⚗஺comeacrossᏔ⍗oᏔᯠî
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⌕ᜧᾯḄᾯᨵᾯᚖᑮ⊈ᐸ!ᶇᙠᜧᾯ஺remain$"!ᶇ"&ᔠ⚪஺emerge஺vanish)ᜫ஺decrease+,஺

6020.Dὃ/01123᪆஺
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ḄDB01EᑖBit,ᢣHthebondinghormone,I☢ḄKB89ஹ;$LMᳮ>?ᦑOPᵨinfluence(67)°experienceUᔊ஺combineWᔠ஺justifyXY....ᔠᳮ஺SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Firsttwohours,nowthreehours—thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesarerecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.Butdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericans?economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons—bothfakeandreal—pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingChicago'sO'HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome-butthelinesareobvious.Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairportsorrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisk,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck'sfatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork.21.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto[A]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide.[B]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairports.[C]explainAmericans?toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks.[D]emphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection.22.Whichofthefollowingcontributionstolongwaitsatmajorairport?[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags.[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA.[CJAnincreaseinthenumberoftravelers.[DIFrequentunexpectedsecretchecks.23.Theword“expedited”(Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto[A]faster.[BJquieter.[C]wider.[D]cheaper.24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis

61[A]Adramaticreductionofitsscale.[B]Itswrongly-directedimplementation.[C]Thegovernment^reluctancetobackit.[D]Anunreasonablepriceforenrollment.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[AlLessScreeningforMoreSafety[B]PreCheck—aBelatedSolution[C]GettingStuckinSecurityLines[D]UnderusedPreCheckLanes[ᫀ]᪆21.C^⁚⚪஺᪷abcdbc
eThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediteiTaneanSea,providesanothertragicremindersofwhyfg“iMjk804Ḅm(f?ᐭᙢp)qᜧrstᒓv⏨]xyz{᪵}Ḅ~”஺{ḄwhyᢣH
"Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety”$“yὑḄᩭᣚᐰ”C$[ᫀ஺ᐸ⚗ᦻᙳvMᦑ᣸◀஺22.C^⁚⚪஺᪷aᦻbdbc
Enhancedsecuritymeasuressincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravel,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportsfg”ḄᐰLMjk;yᦪḄ¢£¤¥x⌕>¦Ḅ§¨᣸©ª᎛“஺C⌱⚗anincreaseᦻarise®2,travelers¦ù>᩽$ὑᯠI]Úü~ᢣýù>ᑖþ67ÿ
ᢝ஺ᳮ(TSA)┐
⚪“”⚗ᯠ“”ᨵ"#◤⌕&'(ᗐ஺*+,-ᜫ/012Ḅ4567஺ᵫ91:B;<=>ᫀ஺ᐸA⌱⚗⊤D-ាFᦑ᣸◀஺Text2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,“wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii'slastreigningmonarch,in1897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity'sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT'splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld'smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea'speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet9sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentalistshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceisnottheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea'sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland'sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.Thesamecuriositytofind

62whatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii'sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope'svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.26.QueenLiliuokalani'sremarkinParagraph1indicates[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy.[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes.[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers5featsinhertime.27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto[A]itsgeographicalfeatures.[BJitsprotectivesurroundings.[Clitsreligiousimplications.ID]itsexistinginfrastructure.28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause[AJitmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife.[Blitremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.[CJtheirculturewillloseachanceofrevival.[DItheyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea.29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday'sastronomy[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians.[BJhelpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld.[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture.[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians9hostility.30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof[A]severecriticism.[B]passiveacceptance.[C]slighthesitancy.[D]fullapproval.>ᫀ4᪆L26.BMN⚪஺᪷PQRQST"TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,"wroteQueenLiliuokalani1:“UVWᜱY/ᜩᦻ\]”஺^_`SstarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansocietya;“bcdὅ/VWᜱfghᨬjYklḄm⁐”1opqᜩᦻ\ᙠUVWᜱfghst⌕ᦑB⌱⚗;<=>ᫀ஺C⌱⚗uB⚗avwxᦑ᣸◀஺AஹDz⚗ᦻh{|}஺27.A~⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷PQRᨬ`SMaunaKea'speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet'sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity1:“MaunaKeaḄᓣᑮᡃcᳫḄḄᜧᙠᙢᩩᐕᜩᦻᐹᨵu¡Ḅ¢ᨎḄ¤¥”conditionᢣḄ§/geographicalfeatures¨ᙢᱯª«ᦑA⌱⚗;<=>ᫀ஺ᐸA¬⚗ᦻh{|}ᦑ᣸◀஺28.B®¯ᵪ⁚⚪஺᪷PQ¬RAsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentalists...andapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation1:FᙢY±AḄ²ᙠp³/
´ᱏ¶ᙛ¸ᙢḄ0-kt^_¹Aº»¼½¾ᩗ]ᓰ⚞ᦑB⌱⚗;<=>ᫀ஺ᦻÂQÃRᨬ`SᑮVWᜱᦻᓄ{-/ÅḄ⍡Ç+/<ᙠÈᐶḄᨵÊËḄᦻᓄᦑ᣸◀C⚗஺ᐸAz⚗ᦻh|}ᦑ᣸◀஺

6329.CᳮᑨÍ⚪஺᪷PᦻÂQÎRastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing1:“ᜩᦻ\]ÏVWᜱᦻᓄÐÑË´ÒÓ᪵½ᜧ⚪Ḅ>ᫀLᡃ/ÕᡃÖ×ᩭᡃ⌕ᑮ×"஺C⌱⚗hḄuncover
ÚÛᦻhseektoanswer,origin
ÚḄ§/aboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing,ᦑ⌱⚗C<=>ᫀ஺ᐸA¬⚗ᦻh{|}ᦑ᣸◀஺30.DÜÝ᝱⚪஺᪷PᦻÂᨬ`RThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars1:“ßᨵᳮᵫ;àá½Y-gᙠMaunaKeajᑮâãäåAḄᦻᓄ⍡æ{^_Ẇècé”êtᔲì⊤¹íì³ὅî;ïàYÐᨵᳮᵫðᯠñjAḄᦻᓄ⍡æ{Ẇècéᦑ⌱⚗D/<=>ᫀ஺ᐸA⌱⚗⊤D-ាFᦑ᣸◀஺Text3RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry9sGDPmeasures''everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.^^WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK'sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry'seconomicprospects?Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn'tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandtheenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountry'ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationoutcomes-allthingsthatcontributetoaperson'ssenseofwelkbeing.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.31.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP.[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness.[CJmisinterpretedtheroleofGDP.[DIhadalowopinionofGDP.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that[A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern.IBJGDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK.[C]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy.[D]policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP.33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?[A]Itissponsoredby163countries.[B]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.

64ICJItscriteriaarequestionable.[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.34.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat[A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom.IBJhighGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline.[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP.[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth[CJRobertF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP[D]Brexit,theUK'sGatewaytoWelLbeing>ᫀ4᪆L31.D~⁚⚪஺᪷PQRQSRobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry'sGDPmeasuresweverythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile"1:"GDP1oòó◀ôõöÊ÷øḄÜ᜜ḄᐸAïàÜ஺”úûRobertF.Kennedy
GDPᢝ0ᔲìḄ᝱ᦑ⌱⚗D;<=>ᫀ஺A⌱⚗uD⚗avwxᦑ᣸◀஺᪷Püᦻ1:ýḄGDP{|uþÿὶ
ᙠ᣸◀B⚗஺᪷ᦻ᎔ᦪᢣḄGDP!⊝#ᢣ᪗%&'(Ḅ)*+,-Ḅᦑ᣸◀C⚗஺32.B/ᳮ⚪஺᪷2ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakers…ᐸ6Ḅannoyed789Ḅ:;᝼Ḅ=>?policymakers@GDPᢝᔲC᝱EFᐸ6ḄforoverhalfacenturyᢣGHIJKLᩭGDPḄᨵᵨឋQR᡾ḼUVᑴCὅ᣸◀D⚗஺manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept,Y“ᜧ\]GDP+Iᨵ^◍Ḅᭆa”஺ᨬdᢣ:᝞fᑗhᑭḄ2jklᨵ1700mn%op\q⌶Fᢗἠῃvᕖxy>?GDPz#ᡂ|Ḅ}~⛳B,-⌱⚗஺AஹC⚗ᦻ6ᦑ᣸◀஺33.D⁚⚪஺᪷Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthequestion“ᨬGEẆᔜIp\!ᣚḄ¡¢y@yI£⚪ᨵᡠ¥¦”>?ẆḄ§fᨵᑭ¨©ª!«Ḅᐵ
஺shedsomelighton®¨D⌱⚗enlightening,¯ᫀD஺ᢣ±⊝#Ḅp\ᨵ163I²ᨵy⚗Ẇᵫ163Ip\´µ᣸◀A஺y⚗Ẇ¶◀GDP᜜Ḅᐸ40¸⚗᪗¹F²ᨵ᣸◀GDP,᣸◀B஺᪷ᨬdtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.y⚗Ẇ@p\º»¼½ᐰ☢ḄÀÁ᣸◀C஺34.C/ᳮ⚪஺᪷ÂwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenoughÃÄGDP+⊝#!ÅÆḄᨬÇᵨ}ÈÉÊ%&'(itdoesnotincludeimportantfactors…ᓽ"ɲ¡ᒹÎÏÐ⌕ḄÒ”yYᕡḼ◀GDPlᨵᐸÐ⌕Ò◤⌕ὃ⇋,-¯ᫀ⌱⚗C஺ᐸ⚗ᦻ6ᦑ᣸◀஺35.A×Ø⚪஺ᦻLÙpẆ@ÚÛÜÃÄGDPI⊝#!ÅÆḄ᪗¹ᯠFÉᓾ%&'(É¡ᒹÎß᧜nᢣᦪḄᢣ᪗஺ᓽáGDPâãÙpäåᓾᑮᓝᑖ“ãGDP,é%'ḄἍ——ÙpḄᦟí”ᨬ〉ᔠᦻḄ⚪ðᦑ,-¯ᫀ⌱⚗A஺ᐸ⌱⚗⊤Ü%ា®ᦑ᣸◀஺Text4Inarareunanimousruling,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butitdidsowhileholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconduct,whichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasaRolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.Thehighcourt'sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnelfstrialfailedtotellajurythatitmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,“ortheformergovernor'sdecisionson“specific"and<

65arrangingameeting,makingaphonecall,orhostinganeventisnotan"officialact”.Thecourt'srulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnotcriminal.Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucraticproblemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery.44Thebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsfbrthecourt,"assumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcems.^^Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbeallowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.Thistypeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,suchasrecordsofofficialmeetings,rulesonlobbying,andinformationabouteachelectedleader'ssourceofwealth.Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety—thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernment—isundermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.Thecourt'srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism.36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para.l)mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt[A]avoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnelPsduties.IBJmadenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnell.[C]wascontemptuousofMcDonnelPsconduct.[D]refusedtocommentonMcDonnelfsethics.37.AccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifitinvolves[AJleakingsecretsintentionally.[B]sizablegainsintheformofgifts.[CJconcretereturnsforgift-givers.[DIbreakingcontractsofficially.38.Thecourt'srulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare[A]justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents.IBJqualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissues.[C]allowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters.[D]exemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritism.39.Well-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto[A]awakentheconscienceofofficials.[B]guaranteefairplayinofficialaccess.[C]allowforcertainkindsoflobbying.[D]inspirehopesinaveragepeople.40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardthecourt'srulingis[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive¯ᫀ©᪆:36.Côõ⚪஺ᑜ÷øᑖqᨬãÈ▾/úᐜq@McDonnellḄüýþᯠdÿᵨbut⊤ᢚ▾ᯠ᪵ᑨMcDonnellᦈᱥḄ஺conlemptuous“ℿ#Ḅ$⎟#Ḅ”'ᔠ⚪ᦑ+,-ᫀCoD⚗0C⚗123ᦑ᣸◀஺᪷789:…thejudgeinMr.McDonnell^trialfailedto...issuesrelatedtohisduties.<=,▾?@ᡂBCDEFᖆ᜼IJḄL᣸◀A஺B⚗ᦻN?OP᣸◀஺37.CQ⁚ᑨS⚪஺Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeoftangiblebenefits<=“3TUV,WVXYᐹᨵᑗ]Ḅᑭ_`abῖd”஺⌱⚗CNconcretereturnsftangiblebenefits,ᦑ+,-ᫀC஺A⚗ᦻNOPᦑ᣸◀஺B⚗0ᦻNEFᖆ᜼Ḅᑨg'ᦑ᣸◀஺8h:approvalofacontractorregulationᢣjᕒlᢝnoᔠpqgrsᔠp᣸◀D஺

6638.AQ⁚ᑨS⚪஺᪷78u:ᨬwxy"Thebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,"wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthecourt,“assumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns”<=“jᕒ⌕{|⌱}Ḅ~ᐵḄ⚪2f⚪”஺A⌱⚗Naddresstheneeds◤ᓽ2bactonproblemsḄ⚪஺ᦑ+,-ᫀA஺ᦻNOᑮ⌱Ḅ⚞<jឋ⚪qgᵨᢣqgᨵ@ᜐᳮj¡D⚪᣸◀B஺CஹD£⚗ᦻN?OPᦑ᣸◀஺39.BQ⁚⚪஺᪷78¤:“Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment”<=“¥¦lᢝ§}¨Ḅ©⊤Ḅ◤⌕g▾,ª«¬®Ḅ¯°஺”ᦑB⌱⚗+,-ᫀ஺ᦻNᢣḄf±ᑴCᐵb³WḄ´ᑣᦑ᣸◀C஺AஹD£⚗ᦻN?OPᦑ᣸◀஺40.D᝱·⚪஺᪷7ᦻ¸ᨬwx:uThecourt'srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism”<=“¹Ḅᑨᙠ0TUῖd¨»¼½¾¿☢ÁᧅÃÄÅxÆÇÈ”ᡠ⊤VÁὅ¹¦ᢝlᢝ᝱·ᦑD⌱⚗+,-ᫀ஺ᐸ⌱⚗ᙳg'ᔠÁὅ᝱·ᦑ᣸◀஺PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedbox.ParagraphsBandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.10points
[A]Thefirstpublishedsketch,t4ADinneratPoplarWalk"broughttearstoDickens'seyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.Fromthenonhissketcheswhichappearedunderthepenname"Boz"inTheEveningChronicle,earnedhimamodestreputation.[BlTherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapers,asitisgenerallyknowntoday,securedDickens'sfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigars,andtheplump,spectacledhero,SamuelPickwick,becameanationalfigure.[C]SoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,apublishingfirmapproachedDickenstowriteastoryinmonthlyinstallments,asabackdropforaseriesofwoodcutsbytheten-famousartistRobertSeymour,whohadoriginatedtheideaforthestory.Withcharacteristicconfidence,DickenssuccessfullyinsistedthatSeymour'spicturesillustratehisownstoryinstead.Afterthefirstinstallment,DickenswrotetotheartistandaskedhimtocorrectadrawingDickensfelt,wasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.Seymourmadethechange,wentintohisbackyard,andexpressedhisdispleasurebycommittingsuicide.Dickensandhispublisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.Thecomicnovel,ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub,appearedseriallyin1836and1837,andwasfirstpublishedinbookformin1837.[D]CharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownand,tomanypeople,thegreatestEnglishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralist,satirist,andsocialreformer,DickenscraftedcomplexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanoramaofEnglishsociety.[E]Soonafterhisfather^releasefromprison,Dickensgotabetterjobaserrandboyinlawoffices.HetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblaterasacourtstenographerandasareporterinParliament.Atthesametime,Dickens,whohadareporter'seyefortranscribingthelifearoundhim,especiallyanythingcomicorodd,submittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines.[F]DickenswasborninPortsmouth,onEngland'ssoutherncoast.HisfatherwasaclerkintheBritishNavypayoffice——arespectableposition,butwithlittlesocialstatus.Hispaternalgrandparents,astewardandahousekeeper,possessedevenlessstatus,havingbeenservants,andDickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dicken'smothersupposedlycamefromamorerespectablefamily.YettwoyearsbeforeDicken'sbirth,hismother'sfatherwascaughtstealingandfledtoEurope,nevertoreturn.Thefamily'sincreasingpovertyforcedDickensoutofschoolatage12toworkinWarren'sBlackingWarehouse,ashoe-polishfactory,wheretheotherworkingboysmockedhimas“theyounggentleman."Hisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.Thehumiliationsofhisfather'simprisonmentandhislaborintheblackingfactoryformedDicken'sgreatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecouldnotconfidethemeventohiswife,althoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationofhisfiction.[G]AfterPickwick.Dickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTwist,hetracesanorphan5sprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsofLondon.NicholasNickleby,hisnextnovel,combinesthedarknessofOliver

67TwistwiththesunlightofPickwick.ThepopularityofthesenovelsconsolidatedDickens,asanationallyandinternationallycelebratedmanofletters.-ᫀ᪆Î41.Fᦻ¸✌:ÐÑÁÒÓÔÕ•×ØÕḄÙÚÛÜᢣݼÞ<Ḅßàáâᦻ¸f±ãäḄåæÓÔÕ•×ØÕÇÛÜçèéx:f±|×ØÕḄÝêPÒ¹sëìíîï஺çè,C+,-ᫀF⌱⚗஺42.E⌱⚗ḄðñOᑮHisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.Thehumiliationsofhisfather'simprisonmentᓽḄ᱄¾çóôᐭö0E⌱⚗ìᜮḄsoonafterhisfatherøreleasefromprisonᙠ᱄¾|ùöúûwgü᪀ᡂ~f஺çè,C+,-ᫀE⌱⚗஺43.A⌱⚗ḄðñOᑮsubmittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines,<=×ØÕᔣᩖ
shortsketchesᒓA⌱⚗ThefirstpublishedsketchḄᒓḄ᪀ᡂᑖᐵ஺!"#$"%ᫀ'A⌱⚗஺44.CA⌱⚗Ḅ()*fromthenonhissketches,whichappearedunderthepennameBoz,•-C.✌0SoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,ᐵ123sketches4Boz56789:C✌078Ḅsoonafter;<=>2?"#ᦻAḄBCDE஺!$"%ᫀ'A⌱⚗஺45.GF⚪H☢Ḅ⌱⚗JKL7ᑖ᪆B.ᑮOPQḄRthePickwickPapers,SᵨᜧᑏWX᪗7஺ZᨵG⌱⚗✌078᪗2"AfterPickwick"9:\]G⌱⚗Ḅafter2⊤_BCDEP`"#GᙠB=>஺!%ᫀ'G⌱⚗஺PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld'sprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.(46)ButevenasJhenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurthe௃therearesignsூhattheglobalpredominanceofthelaneuaeemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturechangescouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreadthofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddol.(47)Hisanalysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethatIheyounggenerationsofiheUniledKingdomdonolneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongsidethat,(48)manycounlricsarcintroducingEnglishinlo(heprimary-schorlcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinolherlanguages.Iflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagessuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.(49)ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestotheUK'sprovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly£1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexportsearnupto£10billionayearmore.Astheinternationaleducationmarketexpands,therecentslowdowninthenumbersofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglish-speakingcountriesislikelytocontinue,especiallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant:(50)Itgivesabasistoall

68organizationswhichseeklo[)foniotcthelearninganduseofEnglishஹabasisforpkirmingtomeetthepossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverydifferentoperatingenvironment.Thatisanecessaryandpracticalapproach.Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.ூ.hij௃Fᦻk⌕mnopqrᙠs⚜uḄvᩭxysz{⌲}ᜫᐸᐰᳫkᙢ஺ᦻAᐹ▊pqḄ8szLᩭḄ:Z{oyḄxszᙠ▭ᡈ☢Ḽᩭ¢ᐸ£¤¥y¦ᵨὅḄᢧᡊªxyᦟ¬'xᩭḄ7®ᑭvᜧ°±²ªxy³´µ᪀?v☢¶·஺ᦻᑜ¹◤⌕»¼Ḅ½ᑖk⌕'¥o0¾ᩖÀḄ6ᔠ0!ᙠ»¼B-ÂᨵᡠÄ5ᔠᳮÆ᣸kÈÉÊ0Ë᪀஺46.%ᫀrᓽ¦ÍÎxy¦ᵨὅḄÏÐᙠ᡽ᜧᨵÒ⊤_rᙠs⚜uḄvᩭxysz{⌲}ᜫᐸᐰᳫkᙢ஺(1)Ë᪀ᑖ᪆rF0'¥0¾ᩖÀḄ6ᔠ0஺evenasÓÔÕyÖ0thenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurtherªk0ᵫtherebe0¾ÓᐸthatÓḄØyÖ0Ù⛲sighs(Ò)஺(2)ᑁÝ⌕Þᑖ᪆rthenumberof'“...Ḅᦪâ"஺expand᡽äª᡽ᜧ஺predominanceåæªkᙢ஺fadeç'“⌲}èᜫªé⁐”ìÓᵭ'“⌲}ᜫ”P`îᔠïy⊤ð஺foreseeables⚜uḄ஺47.%ᫀr!ñòóô'xyḄ▭ᙢõös·ஹ÷*øù£Ḅú☘>ü;◤⌕¬ýᐸ£yḄ9£Ḅᑖ᪆sz{L£Ḅþÿᜧ஺(1)᪀ᑖ᪆᪀ᩖḄᔠḄHisanalysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthose…,hisanalysis,endanyself-contentedness,!☢Ḅamongthose#⊤%“'(ᡠ⊤*Ḅ+,-”஺those!☢ᨵ01:✌ᐜwho56Ḅ71ᩭ9⛲those,ᐸ<=ᨵthat56Ḅ1>believeḄᨬ!@ᨵso…that...56ḄAḄ#1஺(2)ᑁC⌕Eᑖ᪆analysisF"ᑖ᪆”஺endᙠIJᳮL"MNOP"஺self-contentednessF“+,-"஺additionalF“Q᜜Ḅ"஺capabilitiescapabilityḄᦪF“TU"஺IJso…that...V⌕WᓫᙢZ“᝞\……]^_……”஺48.`ᫀbcdefᙠgh5ijklmnhdkopkqrstᨵuᑮwcḄxyzk{|ᑭᙢMᵨᐸ஺(1)᪀ᑖ᪆Ibut56Ḅᢚᑡ஺butsomecountriesareintroducing...,but!WᓫV7toachievefluencyinotherlanguagesAḄ#஺(2)ᑁC⌕Eᑖ᪆Introduce…to…F”.......;5i"஺curriculumlm஺schoolchildrenko஺fluency|ᑭ஺49.`ᫀᜧcᡠ*Ḅᓄᦟᣴd(hḄhd᪀]w▎Ḅᦟᩭ¡¢£᧕¥Ḅ¦ᜧᢧᡊ஺(1)᪀ᑖ᪆©thechange...presentclearandmajorchallengesto…present,identifiedbyDavidGraddolªzᑖ!«79⛲thechanges,presentchallenges!¬andᑡ#⊤®¯஺ᙠpeopleofothercountries<of56Ḅ᪀79⛲peopleo(2)ᑁC⌕Eᑖ᪆identify°7O±²஺Present…to…F”...ᩭ....oclearandmajorchallengesᙠ\³Z“¢£᧕¥Ḅ¦ᜧᢧᡊ”´Fᑡ7Ḅ³Zµ¶஺50.`ᫀIᡠᨵ·U_¸hk¹pMᵨḄ᪀º»¡ᑴ7½ᑜḄ¿ÀÁᡃÃTÄÅ®ÆᩭÇᐰVÉḄÊË᛻JÍ*ḄᔜÏÐTឋ஺(1)᪀ᑖ᪆Itgivesabasis...,which56719⛲allorganizationso⌹!abasis☢abasisḄÉÓ!☢ḄforḄ᪀>#⊤®¯of!ᵫwhat56Ḅ1⊤ÕÖpossibilitiesḄᡠ×ᐵÙ஺(2)ᑁC⌕Eᑖ᪆:givesabasisF"...º»ÚẠ"஺seekto·U_;UÜ஺IJᵨḄpossibility(ÐTឋ)Ḅᦪßpossibilities,à\ᙠ³Zá⌕ᨵᡠâ*³Zᡂ“ᔜÏÐTឋ”஺SectionHIWriting

69PartA51.Directions:YouaretowriteanemailtoJamesCook,anewly-arrivedAustralianprofessor,recommendingsometouristattractionsinyourcity.Pleasegivereasonsforyourrecommendation.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheemail.Use“LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)ூå⚪᪀ç௃©⚪⌕éᔣÓëᩭḄìᜧᑭíᦟᣴᑏïᵯñòᔣóô'ᙠõḄöḄ'÷øᨵùḄúûüE⌕▰ᑡ¸₞I'üEḄÿ஺ᵫᦪᨵ▲ὃ⌱℉⌕஺ᑏ◤⌕ᵯ!"#Ḅᑏ%&஺ᦻ)DearJamesCook,(I)WelcometoChina!TheaimofthisemailistointroduceyousomefamousscenicspotsinBeijingsothatyoucanhaveawonderfultimehere.(2)Firstofall,youcouldhaveavisittotheSummerPalaceandForbiddenCity,whicharerenownedforitsancientbuildings,time-honoredhistoryanddiversecultures.Afterthat,thereisnodoubtthatyoushouldgotothePekingUniversity,whichenjoyshighreputationforitsprofoundhistoryandculturebackgroundandadvancedscientificresearch.Finally,youcangototheNationalMuseum,inwhichsometraditionalartexhibitionsarebeingheld.(3)Howdoyoulikemyplans?IsincerelywishthatyoucouldenjoyyourselvesinBeijinganditwillbemypleasuretobeyourguide.Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interpretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)“ᨵ+”-“.+”ூ0⚪᪀3௃5⚪⌕678ᑏᦻ஺9:Ḅ8;<=>?ᙢᙶᙠC᫹E☢GḼ+IJK⍝)“ᡃᨵNOP+Q”S:Ḅ8;<=ᙶᙠ+TU:7+:VW“ᡃXYZ[.\205+”஺N<8]ᦻḄ^⚪_“ᨵ+”-“.+”Ḅᐵa஺ᑏ◤⌕✌ᐜ⌕de8]ᑁghᯠjkl8]Ḅ◚nohᨬjqrstḄuv஺

70ᦻ(1)Thedeepmeaningofthesetwocartoonsisthought-provoking:Asfortheleftone,ayoungmaniscomfortablyloungingonthechairandlookingathishugebookshelfcontentedly,whiletheotherisdeterminedtofinishreading20bookswithinayear.(2)Theimportanceofreadingandstickingtoourgoalsiswhatthecartoonistwanttoexpress.Itisuniversallyheldthatwiththeadvanceofmodernsociety,onlythoseequippedwithupdatedknowledgearemostlikelytosuccess,whichrequireseffortsdayafterday.Conversely,withoutpersistentlearningandtakingactions,wecanneverachieveourobjectives.(3)Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthatonlythosewhokeeplearningandholdthespiritofpersistencecanreachthesummitofsuccess.Onlyyouunderstandandadheretothisprincipleinyourstudyandworkcanyouhaveagreatachievement.

712016[ὃẆxyz{|⚪}~ᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,(1)thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan(2)alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto(3)themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman'sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.(4),agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.(5)aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying(6)agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,(7)bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand(8)prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,(9)cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride'sandgroom'swrists,and(10)acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe(11).Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewife'sparentsandmay(12)withthemuptoayear,(13)theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto(14),butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare(15)withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains(16)propertyheorshe(17)intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis(18)equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice(19)up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn'thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry(20)thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1.[AJbywayof6.[AJinto11.[A]meeting16.[AJwherever[B]aswellasfB]within[B]association[B]however[C]onbehalfof[C]from[CJcollectionIC]whenever[D]withregardto[D]through[D]union[D]whatever2.[AJadaptto7.[AJsince12.[AJgrow17.[AJchanged[B]providefor[B]orfB]part[B]brought[C]competewith[C]but[C]deal[C]shaped[D]decideon[D]so[D]live[D]pushed3.[A]close8.[A]test13.[A]whereas18.[A]divided[B]renew[B]copy[B]until[B]invested[C]aixange[C]recite[C]for[C]donated[D]postpone[D]create[D]if[D]withdrawn4.[A]Aboveall9.[A]folding14.[A]obtain19.[A]clears[B]Intheory[B]piling[B]follow[B]warms[C]Intime[C]wrapping[C]challenge[C]shows[D]Forexample[D]tying[D]avoid[D]breaks5.[A]Although10.[A]lighting15.[A]isolated20.[A]while[B]LestIB]passing(BJpersuaded[B]sothat[C]After[C]hiding[C]viewed[C]once[D]Unless[D]servingID]exposedID]inthat~ᫀk᪆)1.BὃEᦻᐵa஺;ᒹnnolonly...butalso᪀Ujᑡᐵathoseoftheyoungwomanz᝕Ḅ᱄{-U;ḄhisparentsandhisfriendszᵱḄ᱄{ᑡᐵaaswellas”....᪵”⊤ᑡᔠᦑ⌱B⚗஺bywayofᵫh஺onbehalfof⊤h¡஺withregardtoᐵ¢஺2.Dὃ£¤¥y¦᪆஺ᜐ⊤Ḅ_^yayoungman¨yalikelyspouse©ªḄᐵa«¬%j☢ronhisown,ᔠᡠq⌱⚗¯ᨵD⚗decideon"⌱±²±”ᔠ⚪஺⊤³Ḅ_“[´ᵱ!µs

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73ᡠ,VW⊤$Ḅ@“ឋ¡¢£”ᦑ⌱C⚗஺20.Aὃ¤ᦻ¥¦ᐵ¨஺fᑮᵱh,Qh©᝕⌕vᓝᨴ,ᡠ,ªᙠ«¬ᐵ¨A⌱⚗while⊤$EO¤Ḅ«¬ᡈCᢚGᔠ¥¦ᐵ¨ᦑ⌱A⚗஺B⚗sothal⊤$/ᐵ¨C⌱⚗once“&®”D⌱⚗inthat⊤¯/°FGᔠ¤ᦻ¥¦ᐵ¨ᦑᙳ᣸◀஺SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness“bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That'sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath——assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deepandbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance'sactions,Denmark'sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:"Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.^^Thecharter'smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.IBJNewrunwayswouldbeconstructed.[ClWebsitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.ID]Thefashionindustiywoulddecline.22.Thephrase"impingingon”(Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]heighteningthevalueof[BlindicatingthestateofICJlosingfaithin[D]doingharmto23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?[A]TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.

74[BJNewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.[C]Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.IDJItsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor.[A]pursuingperfectphysicalconditionsfB]caringtoomuchaboutmodels'character[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors[D]settingahighagethresholdformodels25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?[A]AChallengetotheFashionIndustry'sBodyIdeals[BJADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFrance[C]JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty[D]TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustry3ᫀB᪆±21.Ac²⚪஺᪷µ¶&·¶&uFrance...hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen”¸¹º»¼½ᜫ¿ÀO᝕ឋLÁÂḄëᩗÅÆÇ@ÈLÁÂḄOÉÊᦋ]ᦑ3ᫀA⚗஺¶&·ᨬ&fᑮ¹ÊÆpEἭÍÎÏ᩽Ñ⁚ÓḄÔÕᦑC⚗┯×஺B⚗:D⚗¯ᦻ!Øfn஺22.DOᳮB⚪஺ÙÚ۶ܷ¶ÜºÝ¶&"Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives”ᐸ!upliftingmotivesßà⁐âᩭ©@⋐OḄw¶Ü!“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnot...”rᵨḄ@ᔲᡠ,VWimpingingonḄEå@æOḄ᪷µᐸhealthᑨ²D⚗ᨬា.ᐸX⌱⚗ᙳFា.஺23.Bèéê⁚⚪஺¯ᦻ¶ë·¶Üfᑮ"InDenmark...itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.,,,ᡠ,ìí1ᙠîᱯðᑴòḄ᪗ôᦑB⚗12஺p;õöfᑮV&ò᪗ô÷HḄøùpúûÅü,éýC⌱⚗⊤þÿ
ᦑ᣸◀஺ᦻᑮᜫ᝕ឋḄᩗᑭ!"#$%ᙠ'()ᑡ+,ᦋ./0Ḅ᪗2ᡠ45678Ḅ᪗29:6〉ᵨ=ᦑA⚗᣸◀஺D⚗ᦻ?5@A஺24.CᑨCDᳮ⚪஺᪷Hᦻ᎔ᦪK"IncontrasttoFrance'sactions,Denmark^fashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.“MNOPQRSTUᐵWXᱯZ[ஹᏉ^Aᐸ`ᱯaḄbᡠ4Ꮙ^cdefὃ⇋ᙠᑁcjklᐵmᏉ^cdnᨵM7fCFWpᦑqᫀsC⚗஺ᐸ`⌱⚗ᦻ?5@Aᦑ᣸◀஺25.Aᐰᦻvw⚪஺ᦻ✌ᐜz{f|}5"~⌕67ᵨ᷊ḄXᱯᦻḼᑮᑴ}Ḅ᪗25ᐵmᏉ^cdᡠ4ᦻv⌕ᐵWQRSᳮᩞ᪗2ḄᢧᡊᦑA⚗%஺ᐸ`⌱⚗⊤6ាᦑ᣸◀஺Text2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate"thecountryside“alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakethemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave"thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever”.Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair”.Hill'spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon'tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives9planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan“buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.

75Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelts.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis,,equals“concretedmeadows“ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedfbrmorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope'smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealtemative—thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.Britain\publicsentimentaboutthecountryside.[A]isnotwellreflectedinpolitics[B]isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily[C]didn'tstarttilltheShakespeareanage[D]hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing.[A]largelyovershadowed[BJproperlyprotected[C]effectivelyreinforced[D]graduallydestroyed28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?[AJLabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.[B]TheConservativesmayabandon"ofTplan“building.[CJUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.[DITheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne'spreference.[A]showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas[B]stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis[C]highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure[D]revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof.[A]thesizeofpopulationinBritain[B]theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain[C]thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain[D]thepoliticallifeintoday'sBritainqᫀ᪆26.A⁚⚪஺ᦻᑮᯠ¢£¤ᙠ¤U¥¦?{“¨᩟”«¬ஹ®¯°±4A¢¤²Ꮙᑴ³5ᑡ´sµ¢¶`·ᨬs¹ºḄ»¼½☢¿"thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport,ᐸ?thisᢣÁḄnµÂ¨᩟ḄÃÄÅᙠ#Æ?ÇᑮḄÈᢝᨵ▲ᦑqᫀsA⚗஺ᐸ`⌱⚗ᙠᦻ?ᙳ@Aᦑ᣸◀஺27.D⁚⚪஺ᦻKᑮOctaviaHillᡂÍ=NationalTrust,sÎÏФÑÒÓḄᙢ½5"ᙠᐸÕÖ#$×Ø=ÙÚ«ÛᓄÝ஺¿ᨬÞᑮßᙠ"Theydon'tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit",àᩭàâḄãäåæçè⇨¨᩟enᙠẚë¤ìᡲ/0ᡠ(ÇḄᡂnᦑD⚗⊤%஺C⚗îUï
ᦑ᣸◀஺A⚗ðᦻ@Aᦑ᣸◀஺KᨬÞᑮ“Itneedsconstantguardianship”en8ßᙠñᨵf〉ᙢ²òᡠ4B⚗᣸◀஺28.CᑨCDᳮ⚪஺᎔ᦪKᑮ"OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepledgingforaconsideredapproachtousinggreenland",8óᨵUkipµ¼ôõÃᑮµ`·Ḅ¼ö÷cj`·øùTµ¼úa⌕²ò¨᩟஺cjDNUkipM7û?üᑭᓽüǤUᦑ⌱C⚗஺A⚗ᦻ

765@ᑮþôcjÿ
஺B⚗ᦻᑮevenauthorizing“off-plan”building,ᐸ᎔⌕“ᑜ᜜”Ḅ஺D⚗ᦻ!"#$%ᢝ'()*+ᑮᐸᜫ-./012஺29.Aᑨ45ᳮ⚪஺᪷9᎔ᦪ;<=>?@ὅBCDCEFᓻHI⌕ᜧ2KLMNOP⁐ᙢSTᐰ#VWXḄY஺ZḼᢣ]^/•ᝍabc᰿ᙠNOKfgᙠhiK஺j=ᨬlmn#@ὅo^/•ᝍa᝱qḄoBC^/•ᝍaḄc᰿r▭tᨵᑭwurbanconservationareas,fxyzruralconservationoᵫ}>?^/•ᝍaoN᩟ḄᐵᦑᫀCA⚗஺30.Cr⁚⚪஺ᦻᨬl=ᑮ“Developmentshouldbeplanned,noiletrip"ᓽjᨵᑜḄZḼ;n+lj“Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence...",ḄhNᑜᡠḄᡂᦑC⌱⚗஺j=+ᑮḄ¡¢£¤h¥¦§¨©ª"#▰¬rᦑ᣸◀AஹB⚗஺D⚗)*ᙠj=!°±]ᦑ᣸◀஺Text3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,"Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.^^ButevenifyouacceptFriedman'spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies—atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa"signal“thatacompany'sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany'sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse”haloeffect,wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica'sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms'politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany'srecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentfbrbribingforeignofficials,saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman'sstatementaboutCSRwith.[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[CJapproval[DItolerance32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby.[A]guardingitagainstmalpractices[BJprotectingitfrombeingdefamed[C]winningtrustfromconsumers[D]raisingthequalityofitsproducts33.Theexpression“morelenienf,(Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto.

77[A]lesscontroversial[B]morelasting[CJmoreeffective[D]lesssevere34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany'sCSRrecord.[Alcomesacrossasreliableevidence[B]hasanimpactontheirdecision[C]increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?[A]Thenecessaryamountofcompanies9spendingonitisunknown.[B]Companies,financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.[C]Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.[D]Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.ᫀ²᪆´31.B@ὅ᝱q⚪஺ᦻ;=;n▰¬zMiltonFriedmanḄµ¶ZḼ;?@ὅowMiltonFriedmanᐵwCSRḄÍÎᢝᝰᶧ᝱q஺A⚗“Д)Ñ@ὅÒÓ⊤zËÌḄ᝱q)#o}Ðᦑ᣸ᑵ⚗஺C⚗¤D⚗ÕÖ@ὅ᝱q×ᦑ᣸◀஺32.Cr⁚⚪஺ᦻ;<=%⌕ب☢¬zCSRowᜧÚÛḄÜÝ஺ᐸ!;<¶+ᑮÞßὅ>àáâãäjÚÛḄåæçOZᣎÝᐸ᠄ᗐë஺j=ᨬln+ᑮ;¶"...wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers”½I#ÚÛìḄLMᗐàíîÞßὅḄïðᡠçLm¶ñ#ᙠòóÚÛîÞßὅḄôõ¤ᐵöD}ᫀCC⚗஺D⚗#o;¨☢Ḅ÷²ᦑ᣸◀஺A⚗¤B⚗ᦻ!ᙳ*ùúᦑ᣸◀஺33.Dûüᳮ²⚪஺;ý=;n!morelenientl☢þḄ#penaltiesÿᜐ
᪷ᨬḄ“receivelowerfines”⊤ḄᑮḄᜐ
ᦑD⚗ᔠ⚪஺34.B"#$⁚⚪஺᪷ᦻ'᎔ᦪ*+*"theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany'srecordinCSR”-./01ᑮCSR23Ḅ45஺influence6impact789:ᦑ;ᫀ7B⚗஺ᐸ>?⚗ᙳAᙠᦻCDᦑ᣸◀஺35.A"#$⁚⚪஺᪷ᦻ'ᨬ*uResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR”ẆHὅ.ḄẆHJKᨵM;NOPQRᙠCSRSḄᦪTᦑ;ᫀ7A⚗஺ᐸ>⌱⚗JAᙠᨬVDᦑ᣸◀஺Text4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate."Sometimeinthefuture,thepaper'spublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiafbrinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there'splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper—printingpresses,deliverytrucks—isn'tjustexpensive;it'sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon'thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldn'twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway."Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesensefbrthem,“hesaid,"butifyoudiscontinueit,you'regoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.”Sometimesthafsworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.€4Itwasseenasablunder,“hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobefbresighted.

78AndifPerettiwereinchargeattheTimef!”Iwouldn'tpickayeartoendprint,vhesaid."Iwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.^^Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andthey'dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein."Soifyou,reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,Perettisaid."Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.^^Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear-morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.“It'sareallyhardthingtodoandit'satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn'thavealegacybusiness,Perettiremarked."Butwe'regoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingswe'redoingthatdon'tmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it?sbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive.^^36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlydueto.[A]theincreasingonlineadsales[B]thepressurefromitsinvestors[C]thecomplaintsfromitsreaders[D]thehighcostofoperation37.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshould.[A]makestrategicadjustmentsfB]endtheprinteditionforgoodICJseeknewsourcesofreadership[D]aimforefficientmanagement38.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraphs5and6thata“legacyproduct“.[A]helpsrestorethegloryofformertimesIBJismeantforthemostloyalcustomers[C]willhavethecostofprintingreducedID]expandsthepopularityofthepaper39.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,.[A]traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected[B]cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving[C]aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges[D]legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?[A]ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnce[B]CherishtheNewspaperStillinYourHand[C]KeepYourNewspapersForeverinFashion[D]MakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGood;ᫀW᪆Y36.D"#$⁚⚪஺ᦻ'*+*+Cᑮ“Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper...isnjustexpensive;it'sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon'thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints",ᵫ[\ᢝ^_ᓺᑵḄbẠdefghḄijklᓾKᨵnoḄpq▲ᑴ஺tᙠuv^_w᱐Ḅoᡂzᦑ;ᫀ7D⚗஺᪷ᨬ‘Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts...”^_᱐{|├~Tᯠo6lᦻJKᨵCᑮ{|├~TᔲᦑA⚗┯஺B⚗6C⚗ᦻJAVDᦑ᣸◀஺37.A"#$⁚⚪஺ᦻ'**Cᑮ“PerettisaystheTimesshouldn'twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.◤⌕ὑRᩭ^_w᱐PᑮḄ⍝¢☢¤¥Cᑮ“Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransition…”¨tuvk^_ᓺᑵ©v᦮ᦑA⚗஺᪷*8«ᑨB⚗┯ḄJ⌕^_᱐஺C⚗6D⚗ᦻJAVDᦑ᣸◀஺38.B®ᳮᑨ⚪஺ᦻ'*°ᨬCᑮ“legacyproduct",²kᐸ©▊´஺᪷ᐸ*“Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor”ᜧ¶ᑖᨬ¸#Ḅ¹º»1⌱¼-.½¾

79Ḅ¿À8᎔ᦪ*?Cᑮ“Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit”,ᐸpeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithitᢣḄὁ¹ºÃSᡠ´“legacyproduct”┐kḄᨬ¸#Ḅ¹ºᦑ;ᫀ7B⚗஺AஹC6D⚗ᦻᙳACDᦑ᣸◀஺39.C"#$⁚⚪஺ᦻ'ᨬᨬÇᑮ"Inthosesituations,it'sbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive,ᐸ“thosesituationsvᢣḄSCᑮḄ“themarketchangesandtheworldchanges",ᡠÉᨬ¤⊤ÊḄᙠËᓄḄÍÎ◤⌕Ï᩽Ñᦑ;ᫀ7C⚗஺AஹBஹD⚗ᦻᙳACDᦑ᣸◀஺40.DᐰᦻÓÔ⚪஺ᐰᦻÇ´Ḅ^©Õ◤ÖwḄ×ËØ⌕Ḅ⌕ÙÚ^_ᓺᑵ᱐^⌕CᓣhḄÜÝÞhËᡂ⍡¿¿Àᦑ⌱⚗Dà7᪗⚪ᨬ7ាã஺A⚗äᐰᦻÓÔåæᦑ᣸◀஺B⚗6C⚗ḄNewspapersçèéêëÉᭆíᐰᦻᦑ᣸◀஺PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSERSHEET.(10point)Nomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.AccordingtoresearchfromPrincetonUniversity,peopleassessyourcompetence,trustworthiness,andlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecond,solelybasedonthewayyoulook.Thedifferencebetweentoday'sworkplaceandthe“dressforsuccess,,eraisthattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader.Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.Insomesettings,redsneakersordressT-shirtscanconveystatus;inothersnotsomuch.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedln.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthanadecadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleastformalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbeconfusing.Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?Andwhat'sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoals?Herearesometips:(41)______Asanexecutivecoach,Tveseenimageupgradesbeparticularhelpfulduringtransitions—whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,orchangingworkenvironments.Ifyou'reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou'renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothersperceiveyou.Maybethere'snoneedforanupgradeandthat'sOK.(42)______Getclearonwhatimpactyou'rehopingtohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyourimageorpivotit?Foroneperson,thegoalmaybetobetakenmoreseriouslyandenhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranother,itmaybetobeperceivedasmoreapproachable,ormoremodernandstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinancetoadvertising,maybetheywanttolookmore"SoHo".(It'sOKtousecharacterizationslikethat.)(43)______Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsofyourenvironment?Whatconveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudiences?Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryouunderstandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.(44)______Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeJ.Crew.Tryahairstylistinsteadofabarber.Workwithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyourspouseorfriend.Ifsnotasexpensiveasyoumightthink.(45)______Thepointofastyleupgradeisn'ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimefussingoverwhattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesatoncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatatime.

80[AJCreateanewimageofyourself[B]DecideifthetimeisrightIC]Haveconfidenceinyourself[D]Understandthecontext[EJWorkwithprofessionals[F]Makeitefficient[G]Knowyourgoals;ᫀW᪆Y41.Bz✌ᐜᢣwᙠ×Ëð(duringtransitions)òóḄCᓣ«ᨵôᯠzõḼCᑮ“Ifyou9reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou'renotsure...Lookforcuesabout..."᝞øùúᜐᙠ×ËðᡈὅüýᑮùúᡂË«◤⌕CᓣḄ᎛᝞øÿ
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ᫀ஺45.F'ᢣᓣEᵨᡈὅEḄ"*ᯖ⇋⌕(reducedecisionfatigue)஺F⚗“⌕ᨵᦔ᳛”#⌱F⚗஺PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)Wedon'thavetolearnhowtobemevtallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaylha(ourbodiesknowhowlohealaculormendabrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan'tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon'tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon'tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.(47)Ourmentalhealthdoesn'treallygoanywherelikethesunbehindacloudஹitcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem-confidenceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveperspectiveonourlives—theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It'saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.(48)Mentalhealthallowsustoviewolherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpainஹandwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolvingproblems,resolvingconflict,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusinessideaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselvesandtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseachmomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailylives.(49)Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectlyordinaryasyouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectyouthroughallyourdifficultdecisions.Ithasbeenavailableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonlybeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice.Wethinkofitsimplyasahealthyandhelpfulflowofintelligentthought.(50)Asyouwillcometosee,knowingthatmentalhealthisalwaysavailableandknowingtotrustit

81allowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappily.46.ᫀᡃ¢£¤¥᝞¦§ᑮ¨ᳮᏉ«¬d®¯᪷±ᡃ¢A²³ᡃ¢Ḅ²:⍝᝞¦ៜᔠµ¶᝞¦·o¸¹'᪵஺জ¼᪀ᑖ᪆(ᵫᑖÀÁ5ḄÂÃ(Ä஺&'Ã(Ä*Åᓫ(&ÇÃ(Ä*oᔠ(஺&ÇÃ(ÄÈitisbuiltintousinthesameway*(Y☢5thatÊËḄÌÍÎÏ(·⛲wayÑÒÓÔ஺ঝᑁ×⌕Øᑖ᪆ᑖÀÙ☢Ḅ(ÄÈdon'havetoÚÛ*“Üᨵ£⌕”ᡈὅ"£ᑖÀY☢Ḅ(Ä7ᑖYÙ☢Ḅ(ÄḄ_Þ\ß஺ᑖ(Y☢Ḅ(ÄÈbebuiltintoÚÛᡂ“¯᪷±"஺inthesamewaythat...ᙠᑖÀY☢Ḅ(ÄÈâÎ#ÚÛ*“³……'᪵”஺47.ᫀ¨ᳮᏉ«äåᜫḄ஺᝞Ìçèéᢱë□¨ᳮᏉ«däᨚ◚ïᙠðñò᜜ôõöᐰøᙠùúò"ឮo᝞ü஺জ¼᪀ᑖ᪆(ᵫᑖÀÁ5ḄÂÃ(Ä஺&'Ã(Ä*Åᓫ(&ÇÃ(Ä*ýᵨ8Á5þbutḄoᩖ஺ᙠlikethesunbehindaclouditcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromviewḄbut☢Ḅᡂᑖ᪀ᡂᢚ஺ঝᑁ⌕ᑖ᪆ᑖ☢Ḅdoesn'tgoanywhere!"“$%&'ᐸ)ᙢ+”-!.ᳮ0"“$%1ᜫᑖ☢Ḅ34ᑖ☢ḄḄ0567஺ᑖ☢Ḅlikethesunbehindacloud8!ᡂ“᝞:;<=ᢱ?□”ᡈὅ“CD;

82Supposeyouarealibrarianinyouruniversity.Writeanoticeofabout100words,providingthenewly-enrolledinternationalstudentswithrelevantinformationaboutthelibrary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use“LiMingffistead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)ூÔ⚪᪀´௃¯⚪⌕×ᑏÙÚᔣÜᐭÝḄᶇÝßᓫáâãä✂ḄæᐵÂè஺ᵫgéᦪᨵ▲ὃ.Ä⌱îãä✂^ᵨæᐵḄïzÂèðñÚᓽ.ó᝞ãä✂^ᵨḄZôஹãä✂ḄöHஹ᝞÷øäùù஺ᑏZ◤⌕Ð-ÚḄᑏú஺ᦻ(1)NOTICE(2)Thisnoticeistoinfotmthenwly-enrolledinternationalstudentstherelevantiirformationabouthowtouseourschoollibrary.(3)Theuniversitylibiaryopensat7a.m.andclosesat11p.m.fromMondaytoFriday.Onweekends,itwillcloseearlierai6p.m.Youcanborrowbooksorstudybyyourselfatthereadingareainthelibrary.Butyou(4)mustn'tmaken&isesintheHbraiyespeciallyatthereadingarea.(5)SometimestherewillbelecturesinthuHbraiylecturehAll.Youcanfind,thelectureinfonnationonthelibrarywebsite.(6)Ifyouhaveanyquestionsoisuggestionsaboutthelibrarypleasetelephonexxxxxxx.(7)LiNlrngPartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interpretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Ñ■:þᡃÿ
ᐸ⌕᝞᪵ூ⚪᪀௃⚪⌕ᑏᦻ஺✌ᐜ!"ᱏ$%"ᱏ&᱄(ᙠ*+ᙢḼᵯ/0Ḽ1234ᓾ6⌕789:஺$;"&34<ᯠᙠ9:>?@A᱄(Bᙠ%C78D஺EFᱏG☢ḄᦻJ“ᐸ⌕᝞᪵”MNᦻḄO⚪PQRSḼ“᱄TU34᪵”2VW஺ᑏA✌ᐜPQX⌕YZᱏ&Ḅ[\ᯠ]^ᱏ&⌕_`Ḅabcdeᦻfᨬ]PQUhijḄkl஺ᦻnGoodExample(1)Asisshownfromthetwopictures,parentscanchoosetobeagoodexampleornotwheneducatingtheirchildren.YoucanjustwatchTVidlyফwhileurgingyoursonlostudyhardoryoucanstudytogetherwithyourson.Ofcourse,thefatherwhotendstostudywithhissonisagoodexampleanditisclearlyabetterchoiceasregardseducation.

83(3)Educationisnotjustaboutmakingdemands.Moreimportantly,itistohelpthestudent(4)reachthedemandingtarget.Inthefirstpicture,wecanseethatthesonisverypainfulandreluctanttostudy.Helackstheinterestsordrivetostudyhard,becausehisfatherbehavesnegativelyanddoesn'tworkhard.Instead,thesoninthesecondpictureisencouragedbyhisfatherandisinspiredbecauseheknowsthathisfatheriswithhimandhewantstobeapersonlikehisfather.মWithnodoubt,thesoninthesecondpicturewillbemorelikelytoachievehisgoalineducation.(6)AsfarasIamconcerned,agoodexamplefromparentsisofvitalimportancetoachild'seducationandgrowth.Parentshavetosetapositiverolemodelandcultivateafavorablegrowingenvironmenttochildren.(7)Onlythroughthis,canthechildrenreallyhavethedrivemeetthedemandsoftheirparents,theirteachersandthesocietyinthefuture.

842015qὃẆtuv%wx⚪yzᫀSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis(1)astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has(2).Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted(3)1932uniquesubjectswhich(4)pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth(5).While1%mayseem(6),itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiegosays,“Mostpeopledonoteven(7)theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho(8)ourkin.^^Thestudy(9)foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.(10),astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore(11)it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat(12)usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends(13)Afunctionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith(14)!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving(15)thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp(16)whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor(17)factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's(18)tobefriendthoseofsimilar(19)backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento(20)thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.1.[A]what6.[A]insignificant11.[A]about16.[A]forecast[B]why[B]unexpectedLBJtoIBJremember[C]how[C]unreliable[Clfrom[C]express[D]when[D]incredible[D]like[D]understand2.[A]defended7.[A]visit12.[A]limit17.fA]unpredictable[B]concluded[B]miss[B]observe[B]contributory[C]withdrawn[C]know[C]confuse[C]controllable[D]advised[D]seek[D]drive[D]disruptive3.[A]for8.[A]surpass13.[A]accordingto18.[A]tendency[B]with[B]infiuence[B]ratherthan[B]decision[C]by[C]favor[C]regardlessof[C]arrangement[D]on[D]resemble[D]alongwith[D]endeavor4.[A]separated9.[A]again14.[A]chances19.[A]political[B]sought[B]also[B]responses[B]religious[C]compared[C]instead[CJbenefits[CJethnic[D]connected[D]thus[D]missions(DIeconomic5.[AJtests10.[A]Meanwhile15.[AJfaster20.[A]see[B]objects[B]FurthermorefB]slower[B]show[C]samplesIC]Likewise[CJlater[C]prove[D]examples[DIPerhaps[D]earlier[D]tellzᫀd᪆nl.Aὃ}⊤uḄᵨ஺ᐰᦻ$%?ẆᡂḄᑁ$;Ḅthat?ᢣ$%Ḅᑁᯠ]Ḽ%⊤uᩭ⊤%ẆḄᑁᵨwhat,@⌱A⚗஺why⊤஺how⊤஺when⊤A஺

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8619.Cὃ?@AᦻCDᐵF஺Zᦻgenes,ᑮthesamepopulation,]ᨩN¡\ᨵ0!¢£Ḅ¤!%C⚗ethnic”¥Ḅ¦¥Ḅ”;ᔠ⚪஺A⚗political“§¨Ḅ"ஹB⚗religious“©ᦟḄ"ஹD⚗economic“«¬Ḅ”]$Zᦻz⚪uᐵ஺20.Aὃ?LLaw᪆஺seethat®()¯“°±²³”´᜜¶⌱⚗]:#$that᪀ᡂ®()ᡠᙳ⊤8Z·Ḅ஺Z¸Ḅ¹º»ᡠᨵḄ¼½ὅ]¿ᨵÀÁ⊈Ã(Ẇὅ)cÆDz³ᡠᨵ(ᵨÈÉSḄ)\ÊËc]ᩭÌÍ஺!%A⚗;ᔠ⚪஺showÎN஺prove³Ï஺tellwÐ஺SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchywhenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs9continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andalso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdomsnotcountingVaticancityandAndorra.ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtostriveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaserviceasnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,kingJuanCarlosofSpain.[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals[CJendedhisreigninembarrassment[D]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals22.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly.[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

87[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?[A]Aristocrats9excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.fB]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.ICJTheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofeaf,becauseCharles.[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialalliesID]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[B]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs[C]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats[D]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneÑᫀÓ᪆¹21.CÔÕÖ⁚⚪஺᪷ÙᦻÚÛÜÛÝ"Butembarrassingscandals...haveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown."g{JuanCarlos!¯ÞßàḄáâãᙠᨬåÀÁ⌱æ[¼çèḄᐳ\ᑴ]àêëìíî⌨ð%ᜐstanddown$✌abdicateÌaL⊤N"⌨ð”஺!%C⚗endedhisreigninembarrassment"ᙠßà[yòëḄè”$ᦻóᔠᦑ⌱C⚗஺´᜜¶⚗ᙠᦻÚ[]ôã஺22.AÔÕÖ⁚⚪஺᪷ÙÛ¶"Butunliketheirabsolutist…respectedpublicfigure."g{ÀÁᜧᦪḇøùúAᩭ!¯ëû⌱¦üýþÿ
ᜓḄᱥᜧᦪḄḇᜓḄᢝ"#$%&✌ᾯḄ)*஺*,A⚗.ᔠ⚪1஺B⚗ஹC⚗⊤45Ḅ67)*ᦑ᣸◀஺᪷<=>?=@"Itisthisapparenttranscendence...asheadsofstates."ABCD*EFGHIឋKLMNO%&ᐗ✌ḄQHIឋᢣḄSᦻḄmonarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand"embody"aspiritofnationalunity,*,ABD⚗"*EWឤḄFGY⊤ឋ”[\஺23.C]^_⁚⚪஺᪷<=a?ᨬc@d“…itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates”ABgᨵḄij&klᯠᜐopYqD%&Ḅ᪶sᙢuv᜻xḄ஺⚪yzḄodd{)ᦻzḄbizarre|}~C⚗"theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies”[{)ᦻᑁ.ᦑ⌱C⚗஺ᐸ>⚗ijḄᨵᑮv᜻x஺24.D]^_⁚⚪஺⚪yzᐵ~"havemostoffear”ᩭ=?ᨬc?67)*ᨬc?=@“ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.",4ᝊḄ¡¢vᓻ◅Ḅ஺¥¦ᩭᑮḄ§¨©ª«¬᝕¯"ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchyreputationwithherratherordinarygrannystyle."஺ᵫ,ᨩᢣ²EḇᐸᡂᕒḄ¯µᨵOᑮ¶஺·᜜¹ᑮ¯µᨵ1ºᑮC¯Ḅ»¼vᜧ½¾S¿ÀoC¯ÁᐳÃÄKCDᑴḄᨬᜧÆÇÈÉ1ᙠ4¹ᨵOᡂEËᩭḄÌ%%¯ḄÍᜓ*,D⚗“failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole”.ᔠ⚪1஺ᐸÎ>⚗ᙠᦻÏzᨵÐ஺25.BᐰᦻDÒ⚪஺ÓᦻD⌕ÕÖmonarch“CDᑴ”×ØḄ஺ᦻÏᵫCarlos⌨uÚÛÜÝCDᑴ☢ßḄᓻà஺ᐰᦻD⌕áâCDᑴᡠ¼ᙠḄä⚪67CDᑴḄHåᨬcḼçèÌ%ḇḄᓻà)*஺éêᱛ%¯CarlosḄ]ìÓᦻḄ
íᐭïḼáâ
%¯Óð*,A᣸◀A⚗ஹC⚗D⚗஺[\ñᫀEB⚗,ᦻÏD⌕çèCarlos⌨u]ìᐸḇÐCDḄôõ஺*,Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsᐰᦻᑁḄö\ᭆø஺Text2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

88Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,goingthroughasuspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution^prohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstilltrumpFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,exigentcircumstances,suchasthethreatofimmediateharm,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawaiTantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoreleeway.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.26.TheSupremeCourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto.[A]searchforsuspects?mobilephoneswithoutawarrant[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized[CJpreventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents[DIprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia^argumentisoneof.[A]tolerance[B]indifference[C]disapproval[D]cautiousness28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentiscomparableto.[A]gettingintoone'sresidence[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords[C]scanningone'scorrespondences[D]goingthroughone'swallet29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat.[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction[CJphonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation[D]citizens,privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat.[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly[BJNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution[C]California^argumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution[D]PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealteredᫀ᪆

8926.B]^_⁚⚪஺᪷<=?=@“…whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawan*antifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest”AB[\ñᫀEB⚗“ᣴᩗḄûü¦ýþᶧḄᵯᑁA⚗searchforsuspects9mobilephoneswithoutawananl,┯ᙠsearchformobilephonesᦻḄsearchthecontentsofamobilephoneᑁ஺CஹD⚗ᙠᦻ!஺27.C"ὅ᝱%⚪஺᪷()*+✌-uThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice."./0-recklesslymodest12Ḅ34⊤67"ὅḄ8☢᝱%஺:᪷();+✌-“TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia\lameargument...”./"ὅ<=>?@ABᑭDEFGHḄIJKLMNOḄᔲQ᝱%RSC⚗disapprovalTᔠ⚪V஺ᐸO*⚗ᙠᦻXᑮZ(஺28.A[\]⁚⚪஺᪷();+)*-^Butexploringone\smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome,./_`aḄᑁbcdefOᡈ᝛Ḅi,A⚗ḄresidencekᦻḄhomel>getintokenterl>RS⌱A⚗஺B⚗ᑁᙠᦻ!஺C⚗k“f`aḄᑁ”Xpqᐵs஺D⚗BtḄKLX"ὅḄKL"ὅ<=ufᑁqufvᒹ⌕yz{|஺29.D[\]⁚⚪஺)}+✌-“Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy”~>ᦪ(◚!)+Ḅ"theycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending”ᨩ7"ὅḄRSD⚗“◚{ᑮᨵᦔ”Tᔠ⚪V஺"ὅᑮᑣᑜQ▲ᑮA⚗ḄᑁRS᣸◀A⚗஺)+ᑮ“Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolice,,,ᵫS./B⚗X¡஺C⚗Ḅᑁ¢X"ὅᡠḄᦑ¥⌕᣸◀஺30.A¦§ᑖ᪆⚪஺᪷(ᦻªᨬ¬`+)-“New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution\protection"./”®Ḅஹ¯°±²Ḅᢈ´◤⌕l¶·ᩩ¦¹º®Ḅ>ᵨ”A⚗ᡠ¼kᦻV½¾¿ᔠA⚗beimplementedkᦻapplicationsl>novelkflexiblyl>ᦑ⌱A⚗஺B⚗Ḅᑁᙠᦻ!஺"ὅ¢<=BtGHḄKLÀÁ7¶·ᦑ᣸◀C⚗஺D⚗ḄᑁᙠᦻÂᨵcᐵZ(ÃText3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings."Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditorsSBoRE
.Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejoumafsinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,MeNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe'statisticsboard5wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.,,GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyanadvisoryrole”.Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience”.Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amostwelcomestepforward"and"longoverdue,,.fcfcMostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,"engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocan

90verifytheprocess^^.VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians"hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify4thepapersthatneedscrutiny,inthefirstplace”.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that.[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocessIBJjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects32.Thephrase“flaggedup”Para.2
istheclosestinmeaningto.[A]found[B]revised[CJmarked[D]stored33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay.[A]poseathreattoallitspeers[B]meetwithstrongopposition[C]IncreaseScience'scirculation[D]setanexampleforotherjournals34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow.[A]addstoresearchers9workloadIBJdiminishestheroleofreviewers[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[AJScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers[BlProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect[CJDataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors5Desks[DIStatisticiansAreComingBackwithScienceÄᫀÆ᪆Ç31.B[\]⁚⚪஺ᦻª)`+✌-ᑮ"ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocessÈÉÊËÌÍÎ⌕ᙠϺÐÑÒÓÔB`ÕÖ×_ØÒ”ᵫS./?ÌÍḄÏÙÐÑÚÒ{ᑮ7BÛ,XÜᓄRSA⚗┯ÞB⚗¡஺)`++N¡ᑮß|Ẇáᦪ(ᑖ᪆ᨵ┯Þ஺C⚗⊤¼kScâ஺ᦻᑮḄ“ᦪ(ᑖ᪆┯Þ”ãäXåæᦪ(ᑖ᪆D⚗┯Þ஺32.CçèᳮÆ⚪஺ᦻ)+flaggedupᡠᙠ-êḄ-VëÎ"flaggedup”ìᩖîïðஹñᨵḄïðÐÑòᕒôᡈ᜜öϺÑ஺?-¬`-"findexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscriptsᦪ(÷iᩭ_ë”l0-“flaggedup”ᡠ⊤Ḅù"Ḅúû஺qü;a⌱⚗ᨵC⚗“᪗þ”Tᔠ⚪V஺ᐸO*a⌱⚗ḄV½ÿᐭ
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91ᦻÄᯠI%ÂÆuᨵ“ÇÈ”%½஺ᦑD⚗[⌕᣸◀஺Text4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeatthe"unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions,,.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism^^insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.^^ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpuiposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosuiprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepuiposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby.[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism[B]companies7financialbssduetoimmoralpractices[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.[A]GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks'sdefense.[A]revealedacunningpersonality[B]centeredontrivialissues[CJwashardlyconvincing[DIwaspartofaconspiracy39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows.[A]generallydistortedvalues[BJunfairwealthdistribution[C]amarginalizedlifestyle[D]arigidmoralcode40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

92IA]Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.[B]Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.(CJMoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.ÉᫀË᪆Ì36.A⁚⚪஺ᵫ⚪ᑮᦻ%!%¬Í"unsettlingdearth…Integrityhadcollapsed…becauseoftheonly"sortingmechanism,insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket."஺ᵫ'(ÎÏÐÑÒÓḄIDÔ⍝ÖḄ×Ø¿᝛dSÚ⍝ÖÛÜḄ×ØIB^Ýᐳßdà2á%ḄᑖâãᑴÆIᑭæçèé஺%Ḅ"unsetting”ê⚪Ḅ"upset”ë`ÍḄsortingmechanismᙠ⌱⚗Aºᑮìí஺A⚗îᔠᦻᦻQ஺ᦻÍ!ïI½“ÎÏÐÑdmð⍝Öñ᪗Dᙠòóôõö▭SâøùḄᑭæ”l᝛ÒÓḄIøùDÔúḄmᜫ¿1I>ḄûüòᜫB⚗┯஺ᦻ&ᑮḄ“ýþᑁÿ
⍝”“┐⍝⚪Ḅ"ᐵ஺C⚗ᦻ஺D⚗ᙠ!"#$%஺37.B&ᳮᑨ)⚪஺ᵫ⚪+,-.⚪/01ᦻ23!45!267ᢣ94:;<=ᫀ?Ḅ@ᳮ⊤B,“thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands(ᵫE⌼ᡂḄ⍝HI⚪JᯠLᙠ)NḼᢣ9PᙠQRS"4TUVὅ<=XYḄ:;4Z[“othersawaittrial(\ᨵTUY^Ḽ@ᑨ)”4ᵫE,_&94`UVὅ,abcᵯe<=fgᨵh஺ᦑjklᫀB⚗஺ᦻm"n$ᑮGlennMulcaireᵯe<=ᫀḄᐵpYᱥ4rstuvwxQRyz4{ᨵ$%|ᫀ?Ḅ᝱~஺A⚗᣸◀஺ᦻ"$ᑮAndyCoulsonḄRebekahBrooksfh4{ᨵ$%Andyᔲbᑨh4C⚗┯஺D⌱⚗"ᨵ4᣸◀஺38.C&ᳮᑨ)⚪42!"ὅRebekahBrooksᙠ@"Ḅ⊤⊤4᝛Ḅ6ᑗ6ᡠ4¡ᐰ£¤¥¦ᦑ¤ᩭ¨4E4ὅ©ªRebekahBrooks.["Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.(᝛ᡂ«¬Ḅ᪶¯°᝛6ᡠ)”஺,±ὅᙠ©ªᐸ¬4g᪵Ḅ¬{ᨵ[´µ4cEC⚗jk஺ὅn¶·RebekahBrooksḄ¬.¸{ᨵ¹4Z#ºᵭᑮRebekahBrooks.Y¼ឋ¾¿4A⚗&ᳮÀ~4᣸◀஺BஹD⚗ᙠᦻ"ÂᑮJÃ஺39.A¤¥Ä⁚⚪஺ᵫ⚪+,/0ᑮᦻ"2Æ!஺5!23Çᢣ9ᐳᦟᩩËÌÍbḄᑖÏ;ᑴ5ᑭÒ஺ᦻ6ÓÔ°ÕᑖÏ;ᑴᢝᔲ/᝱~஺×Øᦻᢣ9ÍbḄᑖÏ;ᑴÙÚḄ“efficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue........"Ü⊤ᑭÒḄÝ4⊤ÞßஹjḄÝ஺,±4ÕᦟnᐵàᑭÒ4áᶍPÞßj46ÕãäḄ·åæ஺ᦑA⌱⚗jk஺ᦻZ#$ᑮçèᑖéÞḄ⚪4B⚗┯஺ᦻ"[ḄjêḄ·åæfëìᓄ4Yîïðñfëìᓄ4C⚗᣸◀஺ὅ¹ᙠÙÚòó·åæḄãä4ô“õöḄ⍝÷ᑣ”4D⚗ᦻᑁúûü஺40.Cᑨ)&ᳮ⚪஺ᦻᨬØ6!7ᢣ94QRy⍝ḄþḄPÿ
ὅḄᳮᡈὅḄᐳឋᩭẚḄ!"஺ᓽᑭ&⌼ᡂ)*+Ḅ,ᜫ஺“ruin”./⊤12ᦻ4567ὅḄ8.ᢝᔲ;᝱=஺>?ᑡAMs.Brooks᝕DḄEFGH஺)IJKḄLMNὅOP56Q⍝ST)*+ḄU⌕ឋ஺ᦑ)XYᫀC⚗\⚗TḄ"moralawareness"]ᦻT"integrity”^_ᔠ஺ᨬb.cT2ᦻ>d⊤ef456ᑏNhḄUiA⚗᣸◀஺ᦻlmnoᯠqᑮឋs>d⊤1856Q⍝ᨬ◤⌕ueḄL☢B┯x஺2ᦻᙠ\cqᑮ7ὅs>OP7ὅ◤⌕zE{|Ḅ}~ᢇ56}Ḅᜧ)*ḄᜫᦑD⚗⌱஺PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearly,youtrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41).Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisevolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere?Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehensionbuttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42).

93Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationshipofthetexttotheworld.(43).Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44).Thisdoesnot,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage-includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45).Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesnotthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity——inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.(FJInplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationsorpatterningweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.Yᫀ᪆41.C|ᜐ☢Ḅqᑮᡃ▅
identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem(ᓫ/Ḅ]//ḄᐵCcᜮ¡¢£I⚪K᝞¦§¨៉ᓫ/ᡈª«Ḅ§¬®¯Ḅ°±”஺CcTqᑮḄ"wordsoridioms"]"meanings”ᙠ\.³e\⚗TḄ“guess”F´“cluespresentedinthecontext”4µ\bḄinferacontextforthetextoC⚗)X஺42.E\ᙠmᡠF⌕·ὃ¹ᦻ஺|☢qᑮ▅
ᳮᡃ"activeengagementininferenceandproblem-solving(»¼½¾¿À⚪)”4ᦻTᶇÃḄ“specificevidenceandclues(GÄ]ÅÆ)”½¾஺Ec¡¢£I⚪>ᵨforinstanceᐹuAÉÊËᡃ4ᦻlÌÍÎÏÐ᪵Ḅ½¾஺?\.T»Ò«¼/infer,ETḄÓ«inferences4µ஺Ô£Ec)X஺43.G\|ᜐᙠcmµUÕÖ¹ᦻ஺Gcc✌ḄRatherØÙᙢ⊖¢|☢ḄI⚪|.Ḅnot᪀ᡂ"not...rather(……)”8.Þ᪀஺|qᑮ▅
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ὅᙠëìí☢´¹ÃᦻᩞᧇḄð¼”ᳮᦻl±Ḅ஺GcᨬbqᑮḄ"variouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitude,,ᡂÃcc✌"suchbackgroundmaterial”Ḅ*¢ᢣñ4ò஺44.B|ᙠcT◤⌕óÖ¹Ãᦻ஺Bcc✌Ḅ“Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclass”4\☢whoweare”Ḅ¡¢]ᐹu▊Ë஺BcTḄ"interpretations"ᙠ|b³e஺Bqᑮ
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94þÿ
◞ᐸ”“Thisdoesn't,however,makeinteipretationsmerelyrelativeorevenpointless(ᕡḼὅḄᐵᡈḄ)”᪀ᡂ!ᢚ#$%&☢Ḅ“however”ᝈ)ᑁ+,Ạ஺/0B⚗23஺45.A%&ᙠ56#◤⌕9:;<ᦻ஺ᨬ?5✌ABwe,ᡠᨵ⌱⚗6FᨵAGGḄABwe,HG6✌IᓫK!ᢚKRather,✌LMNOP#ᦑ᣸◀G஺A5ᐹUVWXYZḄ▅\Ḅ]^▅_`#ab%;ᦻ“Howwereadagiventext”]^“ourparticularinterestinreadingit”Ḅcᓄ஺efA5Ḅghiᡂ$%&?"suchdimensionsofreading(j▅Ḅkl)”Ḅᢣnao஺/0A5pᔠ;<ᦻᦻ஺PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivationsஹbuillanationoulofawildernessandஹbyitsnalureஹshapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.(47)TheUniledSlatesisihcuroduclofIwoDrinciDasorccs—ihcimmigralionEuropeanDCODICSwithihcirvariedideas?customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedtheseirat.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.(48)ButtheforceofqeoRraphicconditionspeculiartoAmericatheinte௃olayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.(49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsaftenhc15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.^^Thecolonists,firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.(50)Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtrsasure-hoesewhichcxlcndcdsromMaineallihcwaydownloGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.46.wᫀyᙠᔜ{ᔜ᪵}~Ḅ<#ᙠ?ᱏ₠;?I#]ᐸᛛ⌼?ᱏᜧ▮Ḅឋ&G஺47.wᫀy{A⌕Ḅᱥy¡G¢ᱯᔜNZḄ¤¥#]^¦§jᱯ¨Ḅ©ᡠªḄ«¬஺48.wᫀyH#ᑮ¯ᱯḄᙢᳮᩩ³Ḅ«¬#Z¢´µN¶«¬#ᙠ·¸Ḅ©ᜧ▮;kᢝº»nḄ¼$_`½¾¿¿#?ᑗᐳZÂÿᜧḄ¦ᓄ஺49.wᫀyᙠ1516ÄÅaᓅǼÈÉ?ÊYË´#Ì?ᢇÎÐÑ©⚞Ó?ᓽ᝞ÖḄ——ḄØÙÚᜧÛÜ஺50.wᫀy·¸Ý᪍ßàáâ#᪛{Y᪵#?Iä2Ḅåæ#çèé/ê?ëìíᑮîïðê஺SectionIIIWriting

95PartA51.Directions:Youaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanemailofabout100wordsrecommendingabooktotheclubmembers.Youshouldstatereasonsforyourrecommendation.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANWSERSHEET.Donotsignyouownnameattheendoftheletter,use“LiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)ᦻyDearfriends,(1)NextSaturdayismyturntohostthereadingclub,andIamwritingtorecommendtoyouoneofmyfavoritebooks,TheOrdinaryWorld(2)ThereasonswhyIhavechosenthisbookarelistedasfollows:Ononelevel,theleadingcharacterofthenovelisatoughyoungmanwhoisforcedtodropoutathighschoolbuthenevergivesuplearning,whichIthinkisveryinspiring.Ontheotherlevel,thisstorytellsthelovebetweenfatherandchildren,siblingsandfriends.(3)Icametorealizefromthisbookthatevenloveneedsmutualunderstandingandrespect.Toloveistotrustandrespectratherthancontrolormanipulateeachother.Inaddition,thisbooksarewritteninaveryplainbutsincereandgentlestyle,butitcantouchthereadersinasubliminalway,whichIthinkwillinspireusalotinwriting.(4)Icannotwaittolistentoyouropinionsaboutit.Lookingforwardtoyourreply!Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould1.describethepicturebriefly,2.interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3.giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)ò»nḄóôᦻy(1)Itcanbeseenfromthiscartoonthatinadinnerparty,twomenandtwowomenaresittingatatablefullofdeliciousfood,butnoneofthempayanyattentiontothefood.(2)Instead,theyallconcentrateontheirmobilephones.Thisistheso-calleddinnerpartyofthemobilephoneera.(3)Thisphenomenahasbeenspreadingacrossthesocietyanditrevealsmobilephone'simpactonpeople'slifestyle.Alongwiththegreatconvenienceincommunicatingandentertainingwithourphone,greatnegativeeffecthasalsobeenexertedonourpersonallife,especiallythatofyoung

96peoplewhoareweakinself-control.(4)Itiscommonnowwhenwestartandalsoenduponedaybycheckingmessagesorviewingourvirtualspacetoknowaboutfriends'dynamicsthroughmobilephones.Itseemsthatweha\timecommunicatingwithourfriendsinthisway,whileinfact,bydoingthis,wearecuttingdownourface-to-faceconversationswithourfriends.(5)Allinall,weshouldalwaysbearinmindthatinspiteoftheamazingandpowerfulfunctionsofmobilephones,westillneedreal,warmandinterpersonalinteractions.(6)Toimprovethissituation,evensomerestaurantsencouragecustomerstoswitchtheirmobilephonestosilentmode.Similarmethodscouldbeadoptedtohelppeopletogetridoftheaddictiontothevirtualworldandtalkwithothersbesidethem.