2022年高考英语真题之全国甲卷阅读理解D篇

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2022
ὃ⚪ᐰᵬᔁ▅ᳮD2022
ὃᐰᔁ⚪᪆᤺⌕2022
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ᡂ᦮Ḅ“”஺ᑁᔜᘤ஺ᐹᨵឋஹᐰ—〉#$ᮣ&'()*+ᵨ-.ஹ/012*34᪀6ᩖ*᤯᤮ᕜ;<*.=4᪀>?஺@ABCDE஺OᦻPᜐRSTUVMNsignificantadjFGHIJᨵKᜧMNḄ,P℉Ḅ;discovervSTᑮ*VWᑮXsuperbadj᩽Ḅ*Z[Ḅ\]eWXxcellentXpilotvF^I_ᓄJ⚞D\bcXlivingndYHe*fdXshuttlevFgh᪗ᑤkIJ⚣mnᩭ\pᵬᙢsᙢt=cXrunnDuXpartvᑖwXelegantadjxyz{ḄXincreasinglyadvF|dIJ@}~ᙢ
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ᙢ*▮ᙢXsortofXculturallydiverseᦻᓄᐗᓄḄXbackandforth6ᩭ¡Xshutdown¢(ᘤ)¤¥¦§Xgoyourseparatewaysᑖ⍝©E;alunchbreakᓤ⚶¬=Xreplace...with......®ᣚ....Xrushtodosth°±²Ḅ³´Xsweepasideµ@ᳮ·*¸¹Xbeconfusedaboutº...»ᑮ¼;makeupone'smind½¾¿XontheotherhandÀÁ☢Xbeattachedtoº...ÃÄShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitÅÆsfinestbuildings.Çᑖ᪆ÇMÉÊ៉ÌḄÍÁᔊÏGÐÑ⃅•Ô₈ᩲ×ØÙÚᡃ*20ÜÝ70Þ៉ÌᙠᝂᔣᓄḄâu.*ᤴäSåâæḄçè*ᒹêåëìí஺

3îÇÉï6ᔠÇ*ÉShirleyFitzgeraldtoldme,thatðñòïÇ஺thecity'sofficialhistorianóShirleyFitzgeraldḄôõò*ºᐸ⊡ᐙù஺initsrushtomodernityinthe1970sóúI<ò-ûò஺It*saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.ÇMÉÊüý4ᔠþᜩ
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ᨵᓛ஺ூᔁ32-35⚪௃ᐵ#$%&ᦻ()*+ᦻᓄ-☩()/⚪012▅ᑡᦻ⚪ᡠḄAஹBஹC#D$%⌱⚗(⌱)ᨬ+⌱⚗஺Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewent

4ourseparateways-heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity."I'llmisstheseoldboats,“hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?^^Iasked.“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.Butthat'sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords-./0andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings."Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,“shesaid."Wecan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It'saconflictthatwearen'tgettinganybetteratresolving-120Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony."Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,"hetoldme.

5"WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We'vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.Ifsaprettyhardcombinationtobeat."Heisright,butIcan'thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Sydney'sstrikingarchitecture.B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.ThekeytoSydney'sdevelopment.D.Sydney'stouristattractionsinthe1960s.33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat.B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell.D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?

6A.Itislosingitstraditions.B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.32-35CDAAூ1⚪45௃7ᦻ89:;<ᦻ஺ᦻ=>?@ὅ#៉CDEḄFGHIJ៉CKL(☢NḄO⚪஺32.CoPQᜧS⚪஺᪷UV-"Y"Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.20Z[60\]^_ᜧᑭa៉CKbJ9cᜧd஺efgKhJiḄj.0”lm“Butitistheharborthat

7makesthecity.-n88j.⌼pJfg0”q7YP⌕HIJ៉CKLḄᐵt8j.஺ᦑ⌱C஺33.Dov⁚ᳮ1⚪஺᪷UVyY“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSydneyferryboatsforaliving.30z)ᜮḄAndrewReynolds8%|}Ḅ~ᙠ៉C⚞ᕒb0"ஹVY"Pl௃misstheseoldboats.-ᡃḄ0”lmVY“Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.|niᩭ¡ᨵ¢0”q⚞ᕒAndrewReynolds£¤ὁ¦஺ᦑ⌱D஺34.Ao§ᳮᑨ©⚪஺᪷U᎔ᦪVY“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.៉CḄ¬ᔊ¯°ShirleyFitzgerald±²ᡃᙠ20Z[70\]ᝂᔣh]ᓄḄ?¶(៉C·¸¹iḄ?º»¼ᙠJ9½ᒹ¿À¹ᨬÁÂḄÃÄ0”§qShirleyFitzgeraldÅ៉CᒺÇᝂᔣh]ᓄÈᙠᜫºiḄÊË஺ᦑ⌱A஺35.A஺§ᳮᑨ©⚪஺᪷U᎔ᦪVyY“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.-Ì9☢ÍÎÏ\ÐÑÒὁ¡ᨵiḄÓÔ஺Õᡃ⍗ᑮ9ØÙÚ

8Û⇋Ḅ\ÐᖪDAnthonyÎᡃὃ⇋ᑮJ9ß0”lmᨬà9Y“Heisright-;á┯0”§q@ὅãÍAnthonyḄäßÅ9efglÍÎÏ\ÐÑÒὁ஺ᦑ⌱A஺[\ᦻ]^_`_________________________________________________________32-35-1ூcẠ௃EcoCityFarms-b᝱fgæç0arebecomingmorepopularincitiesandtownsaroundtheUnitedstates.EcoCityFarmsinEdmonton,Maryland,islocatednearshoppingcenters,carrepairshopsandhomes.Theneighborhoodisaworking-classcommunityèé0.Peopledonothaveverymuchmoney.Andtheyhavelimitedaccess-ë
tofreshfoodinmarkets.Overthepasttwoyears,thefarmhasattractedvolunteersfromthecommunitylikeMarcyClark.Sheschoolsherfourchildrenathome.OnarecentdayshebroughtthemtoEcoCityFarmsforalesson.HersonAlstonClarkthinkshisexperienceisveryvaluable.likecomingouthere,^^hesays,“Youknow,youconnectwiththeearth,whereyourfoodcomesfrom.Youappreciatethefoodalittlebitmore.

9MargaretMorganstartedEcoCityFarms.Shethinksofitasaplacewherepeoplecanlearntolivehealthierlives."Growingfoodinacommunitybringspeopletogether,shecontinues,“Everypieceofwhatwedohereisademonstration-ì0toshowpeopleeverythingabouthowtohaveaneco-friendlycommunity.Mshesays.FromtheEcoCityFarmspeoplecometoknowthattheyarenotonlygrowingfoodandraisingchickensandbees,butimprovingthesoilwithcompost-ᨴï$4
madefromfoodwaste.EcoCityFarmsisanexperimentaloperation.Thefarmgetsitspowernotfromthelocalelectricitynetworks,butfromthesunwithsolarpanels.Inwinter,thegreenhouseuseageothermalᙢñ0system.Vegetablescanbegrownallyear.Soonceaweek,allwinterlong,neighborslikeChrisMossandherthreechildrenbiketothefarmtopickupashareoftheharvest.“Ilikeeatingthevegetables“saysfive-year-oldOwenMoss.32.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthepassage?A.EcoCityFarmssavealotofenergy.B.EcoCityFarmshelpstheworking-classlivebetter.C.EcoCityFarmsareinfluencingcommunitylife.

10D.EcoCityFarmsaregainingpopularity.33.Accordingtothepassage,EcoCityFarmsareclosetothefollowingplacesEXCEPT.A.shoppingcentersB.carrepairshopsC.fast-foodrestaurantsD.working-classcommunity34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardEcoCityFarms?A.Doubtful.B.Disappointed.C.Surprised.D.Enthusiastic34Ḅ6.35.EcoCityFarmgetsitspowerfromA.localelectricitynetworksB.thesunwithsolarpanelsC.thegreenhouseD.ageothermalsystem32-35DCDB

11ூ1⚪45௃:ᦻ=HIḄ8b᝱fgæçᙠòḄfgó᩟õᩭõö¤÷i᝞ùú@û᛻ýᩭḄþᜐ஺32.Dὃᜧ⚪஺᪷ḄEcoCityFarmsarebecomingmorepopularincitiesandtownsaroundtheUnitesStates.᝱ᙠḄ᩟ᩭ!"஺ᦑ⌱Do33.C%ḄMaryland,islocatednearshoppingcenters,carrepairshopsandhomes.Theneighborhoodisaworking-classcommunity.Maryland&'(ᱥ*+ஹ-./ᳮ12345▬789:;<=▤?@A஺ᵫCᑨEAஹBஹDF;GḄ8ᦑ⌱C஺34.DὃᑨEHᳮ⚪஺A.DoubtfulᝰᶧḄKB.DisappointedᜫMḄKC.SurprisedᔛOḄ;D.EnthusiasticQR+ḄS஺%TUVW8ᱯY;ZḄ;EverypieceofwhatwedohereisademonstrationQ\Stoshowpeopleeverythingabouthowtohaveaneco-friendlycommunity.ᡃ^ᙠ_U`Ḅabc;ᔣe^fgᐵ'᝞jkᨵm᝱nḄo5Ḅ\஺pὅG᝱;rᨵRsḄ஺ᦑ⌱D஺35.Bὃt⁚ᳮv⚪஺_wᦻyz{Ḅ;᝱8_;|}~ᳮḄ஺᪷ᦻyḄEcoCityFarmsisanexperimentaloperation.Thefarmgetsitspowernotfromthelocalelectricitynetworks,butfromthesunwithsolarpanels᝱}~

12;mp஺;%ᙢḄᵯ*ᵯ8;%□□஺A.localelectricitynetworksᙢḄᵯKB.thesunwithsolarpanelsᨵ□Ḅ□KC.thegreenhouse⁐KD.ageothermalsystemᙢR஺ᦑ⌱Bo32-35-2ூcẠ௃You'veflownhalfwayaroundtheworld;you'vesniffedoutthisplacethatnobodyinFalonglandorThailandseemstohaveeverheardof;sowhatonearthistheretodohere?Youconsiderthisquestionasyousinkintoanoldwoodenbeachchairthatholdsyouabovethesand.ItwasalongjourneyfromBangkoktoHuaplee.Bythetimeyoufoundthebusstationandgotyourselfsortedout,ittookalmostaslongastheflightfromFalongland.HuapleeislocatedjustsouthofHuaHin,abouttwohundredkilometresfromBangkok,downthewestsideoftheGulfofThailand.Notmanytouristsfindthisplace,andtheonesthatdowonderiffindingithasbeentheirpurposeallalong.There'sanapparentlazinessthatsurroundsyouhere.Ifswhatthisplaceoffers,andit'sfreeofcharge.Thesmallwavesthattapthe

13shorelineseemtosloweverythingdown.Yousettleintoyourbeachchairinpreparationforalongrest.Yousitthereandwatchthesea.It'searlyafternoon,sothecookcomesoutandaskswhatyou'dliketoeatthisevening.Beforelonghe'srushedofftothemarkettobuytheingredientsforwhateveritwasthatyouordered—everymealfreshandtoorder.Nomenuhere.Thereisnopoolsidenoiseherebutjustthatwonderfullywarm,clearbluesea.There'snostreetnoise.Theonlysoundsarethemurmursofnature.FornowyoujustcountyourblessingsQἍS8listingtheminthesandwithyourtoeQS.Youdon'thavetoworryaboutbeinglateforwork.Youdon'thavetodoanything.ThebeachtoyourrightstretchesofftothehorizonQᙢ£¤S,slowlynarrowingtonothingnessonlytore-emergeagainonyourleft,nowsteadilywideninguntilitcoversthechairbeneathyou.Sandtoyourleftandsandtoyourright;it'sunbroken,endless.Nostart,noend,justsand,sun,andpeace.Stepoffit,andyoure-entertheworldoftraffic,stress,work,andhurry.

14Normallyyou'rethetypewhocan'tsitstillformorethantenminutes,butyou'reonHuapleeLazyBeachnowand,intherightframeofmind,itstretchesallthewayaroundtheworld.“Howcouldittakemesolongtofindit?”youwonder.32.WhentheauthorfirstwenttoHuapleeBeach,.A.hefounditunworthwhileB.hefailedtosorthimselfoutC.hebecamesensitivetosmellD.hehaddifficultyinfindingit33.WhatisspecialaboutthefoodserviceatHuapleeBeach?A.Nomenu.B.Freefood.C.Selfservice.D.Quickdelivery.34.Intheauthor'sopinion,atouristcanenjoyHuapleeBeachmostwhenhe.A.sitsinabeachchair

15B.forgetshisdailyroutineC.plansadetailedscheduleD.drawspicturesinthesand35.Whatdoestheauthorimplybyhisquestionattheendofthepassage?A.Heshouldn,thavecountedhisblessings.B.Heshouldhaveunderstoodthewonderofnature.C.Heshouldn'thavespentsomuchtimeonthetrip.D.Heshouldhavecometotheplaceearlier.32-35DABD32-35-3ூ§¨௃Onemightexpectthattheever-growingdemandsofthetouristtradewouldbringnothingbutgoodforthecountriesthatreceivetheholiday-makers.Indeed,arosypictureispaintedforthelong-termfutureoftheholidayindustry.Everymonthseesthebuildingofanewhotelsomewhere.Andeverymonthanotherrock-boundPacificislandisadvertisedasthe'lastparadiseQᜩᚪSonearth'.

16However,thescaleandspeedofthisgrowthseemsettodestroytheverythingstouristswanttoenjoy.Inthosecountrieswheretherewasarushtomakequickmoneyoutofsea-sideholidaysover-crowdedbeachesandtheconcretejunglesofendlesshotelshavebeguntolosetheirappeal.Thosecountrieswithlittleexperienceoftourismcansuffermost.Inrecentyears,Nepalsetouttoattractforeignvisitorstofunddevelopmentsinhealthandeducation.Itsforests,fullofwildlifeandrareflowers,wereofferedtotouristsasonemoreuntouchedparadise.Infact,thenaturealltoosoonfelttheeffectsofthousandsofholiday-makerstravelingthroughtheforestland.Ancienttracksbecamemajorroutesforthewalkers,withtheconsequentexploitationofprecioustreesandplants.Notonlytheenvironmentofacountrycansufferfromthesuddengrowthoftourism.Thepeopleaswellrapidlyfeelitseffects.Farmlandmakeswayforhotels,roadsandairports;theoldwayoflifegoes.Theone-timefarmerisnowtheservantofsomemulti-nationalorganisation;heisnolongerhisownmaster.Onceitwashisbackthatborethepain;nowitishissmilethatisexploited.Nodoubthewonderswhetherhewasn'thappierinhisvillageworkinghisownland.

17Thankfully,thetouristindustryiswakinguptotheresponsibilitiesithastowardsthosecountriesthatreceiveitscustomers.Theprotectionofwildlifeandthecreationofnationalparksgohandinhandwithtouristdevelopmentandinfactobtainfinancialsupportfromtouristcompanies.Atthesametime,touristsarebeingencouragedtorespectnotonlythecountrysidetheyvisitbutalsoitspeople.Thewaytourismishandledinthenexttenyearswilldecideitsfateandthatofthecountriesweallwanttovisit.Theirneedsandproblemsaremoreimportantthatthoseofthetouristcompanies.Increasedunderstandinginplanningworld-widetourismcanpreservethemarketforthesecompanies,ifnot,inafewyears'timetheverythingsthatattracttouristsnowmaywellhavebeendestroyed.31.WhatdoestheauthorindicateinthelastsentenceofParagraph1?A.ThePacificislandisaparadise.B.ThePacificislandisworthvisiting.C.Theadvertisementisnotconvincing.D.Theadvertisementisnotimpressive.

1832.TheexampleofNepalisusedtosuggest.A.itsnaturalresourcesareuntouchedB.itsforestsareexploitedforfarmlandC.itdevelopswellinhealthandeducationD.itsuffersfromtheheavyflowoftourists33.WhatcanwelearnaboutthefarmersfromParagraph4?A.Theyarehappytoworktheirownlands.B.Theyhavetopleasethetouristsforaliving.C.Theyhavetostrugglefortheirindependence.D.Theyareproudofworkinginmulti-nationalorganizations.34.Whichofthefollowingdeterminesthefutureoftourism?A.Thenumberoftourists.B.Theimprovementofservices.C.Thepromotionofnewproducts.D.Themanagementoftourism.35.Theauthorsattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofthetouristindustryis.A.optimisticB.doubtfulC.objectiveD.negative

1931-35CDBDC32-35-4ூfg௃Howdoesanecosystem᝱Swork?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.WhenapredatorQ¬=ᱥSalwayseatshugenumbersofasinglepreyQ®ᱥS8thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinctionQ¯°Sofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffects

20throughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssay,becauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpointQ±²³S8itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.32.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

21D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.33Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.34.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.35.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?

22A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.32-35BDADூv⚪´µ௃_;w¶·ᦻ஺¸ᦻz{¹º»ᱥḄᦪ½¾¿8À½^Á¹ÂᱥÃVḄᐵÄÅᑣ஺À½^¶m᝱ǹÈḄ±²³8È^rÉÊËᩭ஺À½^ÌÍÎϹmÐ'ᦪ½¾¿Ḅ⚜Ò8ÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚᡃ^eÛÜ=ÝÔ᝱HᔣÞß,ᐕáᡃ^âãäÔ᝱%åæçËᩭ஺32.t⁚ᳮv⚪஺᪷*Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.8º»ᱥḄᦪ½¾¿8À½^Á¹ᱥ*ḄÂᐵÄÅᑣ஺ᦑ⌱Bo33.HᳮᑨE⚪஺᪷è*Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.8ᜐ'

23ᱥ⚔ëḄᾙ=ᱥGÈ^íᨵîïðñḄᐸóᱥôḄôõᦪöᨵḼOeḄøᑴ8ᵫCHEÖ8᝞úᱥû⚔?ᾙ=ᱥḄᦪöᜧᜧüý8ᐸóᱥôḄôõÔÍᔊÿᑮḄᓄ஺ᦑ⌱D஺34.ᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.ᑜḄᵫ⚔#$%ὅ'()*+ᑴḄ-./01Ḅ஺ᙠ345ᡃ7ᜧ9:ᣓ<=>?⚔#ᣓ%ὅ,)ᙠ▮ᙢ(ᡃ7ᩔDE?ᜧFᣓ%ὅ஺GHIJ᩽ᜧᙢLMN᝱P⊝஺ᵫRST+ᑴḄU᩽ᜧᙢẚWN᝱XY஺ᦑ⌱A஺35.Z⁚ᳮ\⚪஺᪷ᨬ^_5Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.`a⚜cXYdefSgញ◤⌕kl⚜■IḄnopqᡃ7rᢝN᝱P⊝஺ᦑ⌱Do32-35-5ூuᓣ௃

24Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactorxyz{.Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresourcesx|}{.ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwater

25stresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmeltx~{.Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.32.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.33.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.

26D.Firecontrolmeasures.34.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia32-35ADCAூ\᪆௃G/_ᦻ஺᪷_⚗Ẇ'2030ᩭᜫ_Ḅᜧ᪛)᎛ᓄ/ᐸ⌕yz஺32.Aoᜧ⚪஺5ὅᵨᐹ£ᦪᜧ᪛ᜫᙠᔜ¦ᙢ§Ḅ¨©ª«¬ᨵ®¯ᙢ§°±ᡈTLMᦑ⌱Ao

2733.Doᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷³ᨬ^_´AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresourcesx|}{.µ¶·Ḅ+ᑴ¸¹ᑭ»¼½Ḅ¾᪍ÀᢴÂÃ᪛Äᜧ᪛ÅÆ|}ÇÈ/µ¶·Ḅ+ᑴ/ᗐḄʵᜧ᪛ËNᑭḄLM஺ᦑ⌱D஺34.CoZ⁚ᳮ\⚪஺᪷ᨬ^_thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.⌼ᡂÎ|}ÏÐḄᨬᜧyz/Ñ«ᓣÒGÓÔ᪛ᩈᔣ×5ØᜫÙÚḄÎᑖÜÙ`Ḅ~GÝÞßàµ᪛ᩈḄáÎâ஺ᦑ⌱C஺35.A஺ᜧ⚪஺dãᐰᦻ'2030ᩭᜫ_Ḅᜧ᪛ᦻåᑖ᪆æçèéêḄë¦⌕yz஺ᐰᦻì퓾᪍Ḅᜧ᪛ïðñò”ô⚪õöᦑ⌱⚗A஺31-35-6ூ÷⚪௃x2015øᓭᔁ{Initsearlyhistory,Chicagohadfloodsfrequently,especiallyinthespring,makingthestreetssomuddythatpeople,horses,andcartsgotstuck.Anoldjokethatwaspopularatthetimewentsomethinglikethis:Amanisstuck

28uptohiswaistinamuddyChicagostreet.Askedifheneedshelp,hereplies,"No,thanks.I'vegotagoodhorseunder—me—.஻Thecityplannerdecidedtobuildanundergrounddrainagex᣸Î{system,buttheresimplywasn'tenoughdifferencebetweentheheightofthegroundlevelandthewaterlevel.TheonlytwooptionsweretolowertheChicagoRiverorraisethecity.AnengineernamedEllisChesbroughconvincedmethecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthemwithdirt.Thisraisedthelevelofthecity'sstreetsbyasmuchas12feet.Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,orhoisttheentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.Butwhataboutlarge,heavystructureslikeTremontHotel,whichwasasix-storybrickbuilding?

29That'swhereGeorgePullmancamein.Hehaddevelopedsomehouse-movingskillssuccessfully.ToliftabigstructureliketheTremontHotel,Pullmanwouldplacethousandsofjackscrewsxþÿᓟ
⚔beneaththebuilding'sfoundation.Onemanwasassignedtooperateeachsectionofroughly10jackscrews.AtPullman'ssignaleachmanturnedhisjackscrewthesameamountatthesametime,therebyraisingthebuildingslowlyandevenly.Astonishingly,theTremontHotelstayopenduringtheentireoperation,andmanyofitsguestsdidn'tevennoticeanythingwashappening.Somepeopleliketosaythateveryproblemhasasolution.ButinChicago'searlyhistory,everyengineeringsolutionseemedtocreateanewproblem.NowthatChicago'swastewaterwasdrainingefficientlyintotheChicagoRiver,thecity'snextstepwastocleanthepollutedriver.Theauthormentionsthejoketoshow.A.horseswerefairlyusefulinChicagoB.Chicago'sstreetswereextremelymuddyC.Chicagowasverydangerousinthespring

30D.theChicagopeoplewereparticularlyhumorous32.ThecityplannerswereconvincedbyEllisChesbroughto.A.getridofthestreetdirtB.lowertheChicagoRiverC.fightagainstheavyfloodsD.buildthepipesaboveground33.Theunderlinedword"hoist"inParagraph4means//uA.changeB.liftC.repairD.decorate34.WhatcanweconcludeaboutthemovingoperationoftheTremontHotel?A.ItwentonsmoothlyasintendedB.Itinterruptedthebusinessofthehotel.C.ItinvolvedPullmanturningtenjackscrews.D.Itseparatedthebuildingfromitsfoundation.3S.ThepassageismainlyabouttheearlyChicago's

31A.popularlifestylesandtheirinfluencesB.environmentaldisastersandtheircausesC.engineeringproblemsandtheirsolutionsD.successfulbusinessmenandtheirachievements3X-3SBDBACூ⚪௃ᦻᦻ▅ᦻḄ⚪ᦋ⌼ᫀ஺3X.Bo"⁚$ᳮ⚪஺᪷'ᦻ(Ḅ)*+)*,-"/earlyhistoryChicagohadfloorsfreque0t/g,especiallyinthespring,makingthestreetssomuddijthatpeople,horses,andcartsgots1ck.”234567Ḅ89:;<ᜧ⊙?@ABCDEFGHIᐰKLᛋᙠO?஺ᡠQRὅTUVWXYA5Z[\*ᱯ^ᦑ⌱8஺32.Do"⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷')a+)*,-“AAengineernailedEidCkesbroughconvincedthecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthencoverwithWirt”b*cdefgᑗijklḄmnopqrstuvw⌱xyzᙠᙢ?|}~⍝ᯠᵨB

32⌚23QEiHChesbrough5✌ḄGu5ᙠᙢ?᣸7~⍝ᦑ⌱D஺33.Bo,⚪஺᪷'ᦻ“SMAOUwood-framebuildingcouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.bᩈ᪀}2Q᧕ᙢ¡¢ᩭ23¤*¥¦§A¨}ᓣª஺ᡠQᑜ¬Ḅ®A“Tª¡¢”Ḅ®஺ᦑ⌱3஺34.Ao$ᳮᑨ´⚪஺᪷'᎔ᦪ)·+¸Ḅ᎔ᦪ)·,-“AtºPullman'ssignaleachMMturnedhisjackscrewthesameamountatthesa^etiw\e,therebyraisingthebuildingslowlyandeven,®."bᙠPullmanḄᢣÁWGÂÃÄ¢tuŸḄᓟ
⚔4Æ}§᠒᠒ᙢஹÉ᦮ᙢÄ¢ᩭᵫÆᑨ´[ᐵᱯÍℳᱯ⏀ÐḄÑÒᡃuzÔḄÕA*ᑗ᝞9×ᑭÙF஺ᦑ⌱A஺3S.CoÜÝᜧ⚪஺ᦻ(Ḅ)*+§T[ᡠÞᙠḄ⚪ßᩭḄ+àáÕâ\W⚪Ḅ*ã¦ᨬ*+ᑮ\ã¦æᯠâçèḄ⚪éAêëìᩭḄíîᑈ[*ãðḄ⚪ᨵòâ஺ᦑᦻ(Ü⌕AᐵA}mn⚪Uᐸâᫀᦑ⌱C.