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1、GroupReputationSupportsBeneficentNorms–Acaseof“them”and“us”CPMWorkingPaper02-101(July2002)DavidHalesCentreforPolicyModelling,TheBusinessSchoolManchesterMetropolitanUniversity,Manchester,UK.E-mail:dave@davidhales.comWeb:www.davidhales.comAbstractThispaperdemonstratestheroleofgroupnormativerepu
2、tationinthepromotionofanaggressionreducingpossessionnorminanartificialsociety.Apreviousmodelofnormativereputationisextendedsuchthatagentsaregiventhecognitivecapacitytocategoriseotheragentsasmembersofagroup.Inthepreviousmodelreputationalinformationwascommunicatedbetweenagentsconcerningindividu
3、als.Inthemodelpresentedherereputationsareprojectedontowholegroupsofagents(aformof“stereotyping”).Bystereotyping,normfollowersoutperformcheaters(whodonotfollowthenorm)undercertainconditions.Stereotyping,byincreasingthedomainofapplicabilityofapieceofreputationalinformation,allowsagentstomakeinf
4、ormeddecisionsconcerninginteractionswithagentswhichnootheragenthaspreviouslymet.However,ifconditionsarenotconducive,stereotypingcancompletelynegatenormfollowingbehaviour.Groupreputationcanbeapowerfulmechanism,therefore,forthepromotionofbeneficentnormsundertherightconditions.1.IntroductionThec
5、omputationalstudyofnormsthroughartificialsocietysimulationstretchesbackagoodtenyears(ShohamandTanneholtz1992,ConteandCastelfranchi1995,WalkerandWooldridge1995,Castelfranchi,ConteandPaolucci1998,SaamandHarrer1999,StallerandPetta2001,Flentge,PolaniandUthmann2001,ConteandPaolucci2002).Itisimport
6、anttonotethatnounifiedorgenerallyaccepteddefinitionofasocialnormexistsandthisisproductivelyevidencedbythedifferencesinthemodelspresented1andconclusionsdrawninpreviouscomputationalworkonnorms.However,ingeneral,muchoftheworkhastendedtofocusonprescriptivebeliefsconcerningproperbehaviourswithingi
7、vensocialcontexts.Morespecifically,interestisoftenfocusedonthekindsofnormsthatappeartocontradictthenarrowviewofindividual2self-interesttypifiedbyclassicalrationalactortheories.Thefocusofthispaperisalsoonthesekindsofnorms.1Foranexcellentovervi
