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1、•••23•••BUDDHISTIDEALISM:HSÜAN-TSANGOFTHECONSCIOUSNESS-ONLYSCHOOLINSUBTLETYofconceptsandrefinementofanalysis,theConscious-ness-OnlySchool1isthemostphilosophicalofBuddhistschools.Origi-nallycalledYogacara(wayofyoga),itwasfoundedbyAsanga(c.410-c.500)forthepurposeofmysticalenlightenmentthroughmetaphy
2、sicalreflections.WhenhisyoungerbrotherVasubandhu(c.420-c.500)sys-tematizedanddevelopeditsphilosophicalviews,hedesignateditstenetasConsciousness-Only.ItandtheThree-TreatiseSchooldominatedtheChineseintellectualsceneandrivaledeachotherfromthefifthtotheseventhcentury.TheschoolfirstexistedastheShe-lunS
3、chool2butwaseventuallyre-placedbytheConsciousness-OnlySchoolofHsüan-tsang8(596-664).Notbeingsatisfiedwiththeconflictingdoctrinesofhistime,hewenttoIndiain629andforsixteenyearsstudiedanddebatedwiththegreatestIndianscholars.Whenhereturnedin645,hebrought,amongotherthings,657Buddhistworks,andunderimper
4、ialpatronageheandalargegroupofassistants,inthelargesttranslationprojectinChinesehistory,devotedsometwentyyearstotranslatingseventy-fiveofthem,mostlyYogacaraworks.4TheessentialsoftheYogacaraSchoolaresummedupinVasubandhu'sVijñatimatratatrimsika(TreatiseinThirtyVersesonConsciousness-Only).5TenIndianp
5、hilosophers,includingDharmapala(439-507),elaboratedonthemeaningoftheseverses.Hsüan-tsangselected,sum-marized,andsystematizedtheirinterpretations,followingchieflyDharmapala,andtheresultishisfamousCh'eng-wei-shihlun(Vijñapti-matratasiddhi,orTreatiseontheEstablishmentoftheDoctrineof1Wei-shihinChina,y
6、uishikiinJapanese,andvijñaptimatrainSanskrit.2NamedafterAsanga'sMahayanasamparigraha(AcceptanceoftheGreatVehicle)annotatedbyVasubandhu,translatedintoChinesein531,563,and648-649(thistimebyHsüan-tsang),andknownastheSheta-ch'englun(TreatiseonAcceptanceoftheGreatVehicle).ForaFrenchtranslation,seeBibli
7、ography.3VariouslyspelledasHsüan-chang,Hiuen-tsang,etc.4HeenteredamonasteryofthePureLandSchoolatthirteen.From618hewenttomonasteriesinCh'ang-an,Ch'eng-tu,andotherplacesandstudiedthedoctrinestaughtinthoseplaces.Ins