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1、┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊毕业设计报告外文翻译EvolvementofbridgeEngineering,briefreviewAmongtheearlydocumentedreviewsofconstructionmaterialsandstructuretypesarethebooksofMarcusVitruviosPolliointhefirstcenturyB.C.Thebasicprinciplesofstaticsweredevelop
2、edbytheGreeks,andwereexemplifiedinworksandapplicationsbyLeonardodaVinci,Cardeno,andGalileo.Inthefifteenthandsixteenthcentury,engineersseemedtobeunawareofthisrecord,andreliedsolelyonexperienceandtraditionforbuildingbridgesandaqueducts.Thestateoftheartcha
3、ngedrapidlytowardtheendoftheseventeenthcenturywhenLeibnitz,Newton,andBernoulliintroducedmathematicalformulations.PublishedworksbyLahire(1695)andBelidor(1792)aboutthetheoreticalanalysisofstructuresprovidedthebasisinthefieldofmechanicsofmaterials.Kuzmanov
4、ic(1977)focusesonstoneandwoodasthefirstbridge-buildingmaterials.Ironwasintroducedduringthetransitionalperiodfromwoodtosteel.Accordingtorecentrecords,concretewasusedinFranceasearlyas1840forabridge39feet(12m)longtospantheGaroyneCanalatGrisoles,butreinforc
5、edconcretewasnotintroducedinbridgeconstructionuntilthebeginningofthiscentury.Prestressedconcretewasfirstusedin1927.Stonebridgesofthearchtype(integratedsuperstructureandsubstructure)wereconstructedinRomeandotherEuropeancitiesinthemiddleages.Thesearcheswe
6、rehalf-circular,withflatarchesbeginningtodominatebridgeworkduringtheRenaissanceperiod.Thisconceptwasmarkedlyimprovedattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyandfoundstructurallyadequatetoaccommodatefuturerailroadloads.Intermsofanalysisanduseofmaterials,stonebridge
7、shavenotchangedmuch,butthetheoreticaltreatmentwasimprovedbyintroducingthepressure-lineconceptintheearly1670s(Lahire,1695).Thearchtheorywasdocumentedinmodeltestswheretypicalfailuremodeswereconsidered(Frezier,1739).Culmann(1851)introducedtheelasticcenterm
8、ethodforfixed-endarches,andshowedthatthreeredundantparameterscanbefoundbytheuseofthreeequationsofcoMPatibility.WoodentrusseswereusedinbridgesduringthesixteenthcenturywhenPalladiobuilttriangularframesforbridgespans10feetlong.Thise
