桥梁工程的发展概况-毕业论文外文文献翻译

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1、外文翻译EvolvementofbridgeEngineering,briefreviewAmongtheearlydocumentedreviewsofconstructionmaterialsandstructuretypesarethebooksofMarcusVitruviosPolliointhefirstcenturyB.C.ThebasicprinciplesofstaticsweredevelopedbytheGreeks,andwereexemplifiedinworksandapplicationsbyLeonardodaVinci,Cardeno,andGali

2、leo.Inthefifteenthandsixteenthcentury,engineersseemedtobeunawareofthisrecord,andreliedsolelyonexperienceandtraditionforbuildingbridgesandaqueducts.ThestateoftheartchangedrapidlytowardtheendoftheseventeenthcenturywhenLeibnitz,Newton,andBernoulliintroducedmathematicalformulations.Publishedworksby

3、Lahire(1695)andBelidor(1792)aboutthetheoreticalanalysisofstructuresprovidedthebasisinthefieldofmechanicsofmaterials.Kuzmanovic(1977)focusesonstoneandwoodasthefirstbridge-buildingmaterials.Ironwasintroducedduringthetransitionalperiodfromwoodtosteel.Accordingtorecentrecords,concretewasusedinFranc

4、easearlyas1840forabridge39feet(12m)longtospantheGaroyneCanalatGrisoles,butreinforcedconcretewasnotintroducedinbridgeconstructionuntilthebeginningofthiscentury.Prestressedconcretewasfirstusedin1927.Stonebridgesofthearchtype(integratedsuperstructureandsubstructure)wereconstructedinRomeandotherEur

5、opeancitiesinthemiddleages.Thesearcheswerehalf-circular,withflatarchesbeginningtodominatebridgeworkduringtheRenaissanceperiod.Thisconceptwasmarkedlyimprovedattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyandfoundstructurallyadequatetoaccommodatefuturerailroadloads.Intermsofanalysisanduseofmaterials,stonebridgesh

6、avenotchangedmuch,butthetheoreticaltreatmentwasimprovedbyintroducingthepressure-lineconceptintheearly1670s(Lahire,1695).Thearchtheorywasdocumentedinmodeltestswheretypicalfailuremodeswereconsidered(Frezier,1739).Culmann(1851)introducedtheelasticcentermethodforfixed-endarches,andshowedthatthreere

7、dundantparameterscanbefoundbytheuseofthreeequationsofcoMPatibility.WoodentrusseswereusedinbridgesduringthesixteenthcenturywhenPalladiobuilttriangularframesforbridgespans10feetlong.Thiseffortalsofocusedonthethreebasicprinciplesogbr